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'''Extracellular Matrix (ECM)''' is a complex network of [[biomolecules]] and [[fibers]] that provide structural and biochemical support to the surrounding [[cells]]. It is a critical component of [[tissue]] and [[organ]] architecture and plays a vital role in [[cellular functions]], including [[cell adhesion]], [[cell migration]], [[cell differentiation]], and [[cell signaling]]. The ECM is found in all [[animal tissues]] and is particularly abundant in [[connective tissues]].

==Composition==
The ECM is composed of two main types of biomolecules: [[fibrous proteins]] and [[ground substance]]. The fibrous proteins, which include [[collagen]], [[elastin]], and [[fibronectin]], provide strength, elasticity, and structural support. Collagen, the most abundant protein in the ECM, forms large fibrils that resist tensile forces, while elastin allows tissues to stretch and then return to their original shape. Fibronectin is involved in cell adhesion to the ECM and plays a role in wound healing.

The ground substance is a gel-like material that fills the space between cells and fibers in the ECM. It is composed of [[glycosaminoglycans]] (GAGs), [[proteoglycans]], and [[glycoproteins]]. GAGs are long, unbranched polysaccharides that attract water, giving the ECM its gel-like properties. Proteoglycans are core proteins with one or more GAG chains attached, and they contribute to the ECM's resilience and compressive strength. Glycoproteins, such as laminin, are involved in cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation.

==Functions==
The ECM performs several critical functions in the body:

* '''Structural Support''': It provides a scaffold that maintains the physical structure of tissues.
* '''Regulation of Cell Behavior''': It influences cell behavior through [[cell-matrix interactions]]. These interactions are mediated by [[cell surface receptors]], such as [[integrins]], which transmit signals between the ECM and the cells.
* '''Filtration''': In the [[kidneys]], the ECM of the [[glomerulus]] acts as a filter, allowing the passage of water and small molecules but retaining larger molecules.
* '''Tissue Repair''': Following injury, the ECM plays a crucial role in the wound healing process by regulating the movement and proliferation of cells involved in tissue repair.

==Pathology==
Alterations in the ECM can lead to a variety of diseases. For example, excessive deposition of collagen is a hallmark of [[fibrosis]], which can occur in organs such as the [[liver]], [[lungs]], and [[heart]], leading to impaired organ function. In [[cancer]], changes in the ECM can promote tumor progression and metastasis by facilitating the invasion of cancer cells into surrounding tissues and blood vessels.

==Research and Applications==
Understanding the ECM's role in health and disease has led to the development of novel therapeutic strategies. For instance, [[tissue engineering]] and [[regenerative medicine]] aim to repair or replace damaged tissues by designing scaffolds that mimic the natural ECM. Additionally, targeting the ECM or its interactions with cells is being explored as a strategy for treating fibrosis and cancer.

[[Category:Cell biology]]
[[Category:Biochemistry]]
[[Category:Extracellular matrix]]

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ECM - Revision history

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