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	[[Category:Analgesics]]		[[Category:Analgesics]]
	[[Category:Antitussives]]		[[Category:Antitussives]]
			<gallery>
			File:Dihydrocodeine skeletal.svg\|Dihydrocodeine skeletal structure
			File:Dihydrocodeine3DanJ.gif\|Dihydrocodeine 3D animation
			</gallery>

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-'''Dihydrocodeine''' is a semi-synthetic opioid analgesic prescribed for pain or severe dyspnea, or as an antitussive, either alone or compounded with paracetamol (as in co-dydramol) or aspirin. It was developed in Germany in 1908 and first marketed in 1911. As with codeine, intravenous administration should be avoided, as it could result in anaphylaxis and life-threatening pulmonary edema. In the past, dihydrocodeine suppositories were used. Dihydrocodeine is available in suppository form on prescription.
+{{Short description|An opioid analgesic used for pain management}}
 ==Pharmacology==
-Dihydrocodeine is twice as strong as codeine. The bitartrate is freely soluble in water and ethanol. It is metabolized in the liver by demethylation and glucuronidation. Dihydrocodeine's onset of action is 20 to 30 minutes for oral administration, and 5–10 minutes for rectal administration. The half-life of dihydrocodeine is approximately 4 hours.
+Dihydrocodeine acts primarily as an agonist at the [[mu-opioid receptor]], which is responsible for its analgesic effects. It also has some affinity for the [[delta-opioid receptor]] and [[kappa-opioid receptor]], contributing to its overall pharmacological profile. The drug is metabolized in the liver by the [[cytochrome P450]] enzyme system, primarily CYP2D6, into active metabolites such as [[dihydromorphine]].
 ==Medical Uses==
-Dihydrocodeine is used as an alternative or adjunct to codeine for the aforementioned indications. The salt to free base conversion factors are 0.67 for the bitartrate, 0.73 for the phosphate, and 0.89 for the hydrochloride.
+Dihydrocodeine is indicated for the management of moderate to severe pain, particularly when other analgesics such as [[paracetamol]] or [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] (NSAIDs) are insufficient. It is also used as a cough suppressant in certain formulations.
 ==Side Effects==
-The side effects are similar to those of other opioids: constipation, itch, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, miosis, orthostatic hypotension, male ejaculatory difficulty, vomiting, and sweating. Extended use can result in drug tolerance and physical dependence.
+Common side effects of dihydrocodeine include [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[constipation]], [[drowsiness]], and [[dizziness]]. As with other opioids, there is a risk of [[respiratory depression]], particularly at higher doses or in combination with other central nervous system depressants.
-==See Also==
+==Precautions==
-* [[Opioid]]
+Dihydrocodeine should be used with caution in patients with a history of [[substance abuse]], [[respiratory disorders]], or [[hepatic impairment]]. It is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance in the United States, indicating a high potential for abuse and dependence.
-* [[Analgesic]]
 * [[Codeine]]
 [[Category:Opioids]]
+[[Category:Analgesics]]
-{{stub}}
+[[Category:Antitussives]]

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	{{stub}}		{{stub}}
			<gallery>
			File:Dihydrocodeine_skeletal.svg\|Skeletal structure of Dihydrocodeine
			File:Dihydrocodeine3DanJ.gif\|3D animation of Dihydrocodeine molecule
			File:Dhccontinus.jpg\|Dihydrocodeine Continus tablets
			File:Dihydrcodeine_Tablets_Package_Almus_30_mg_2017.jpg\|Dihydrocodeine Tablets Package Almus 30 mg
			</gallery>

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New page

'''Dihydrocodeine''' is a semi-synthetic opioid analgesic prescribed for pain or severe dyspnea, or as an antitussive, either alone or compounded with paracetamol (as in co-dydramol) or aspirin. It was developed in Germany in 1908 and first marketed in 1911. As with codeine, intravenous administration should be avoided, as it could result in anaphylaxis and life-threatening pulmonary edema. In the past, dihydrocodeine suppositories were used. Dihydrocodeine is available in suppository form on prescription.

==Pharmacology==
Dihydrocodeine is twice as strong as codeine. The bitartrate is freely soluble in water and ethanol. It is metabolized in the liver by demethylation and glucuronidation. Dihydrocodeine's onset of action is 20 to 30 minutes for oral administration, and 5–10 minutes for rectal administration. The half-life of dihydrocodeine is approximately 4 hours.

==Medical Uses==
Dihydrocodeine is used as an alternative or adjunct to codeine for the aforementioned indications. The salt to free base conversion factors are 0.67 for the bitartrate, 0.73 for the phosphate, and 0.89 for the hydrochloride.

==Side Effects==
The side effects are similar to those of other opioids: constipation, itch, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, miosis, orthostatic hypotension, male ejaculatory difficulty, vomiting, and sweating. Extended use can result in drug tolerance and physical dependence.

==See Also==
* [[Opioid]]
* [[Analgesic]]
* [[Codeine]]

[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Pharmacology]]
[[Category:Opioids]]

{{stub}}

Dihydrocodeine - Revision history

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