Dextrocardia - Revision history

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2025-04-05T18:29:59Z

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			{{SI}}
			{{Infobox medical condition
			\| name = Dextrocardia
			\| image = [[File:Situs_inversus_chest_Nevit.jpg\|250px]]
			\| caption = Chest X-ray showing dextrocardia with situs inversus
			\| field = [[Cardiology]]
			\| synonyms =
			\| symptoms = [[Heart]] located on the right side of the [[thorax]]
			\| complications = [[Congenital heart defect]]s
			\| onset = [[Congenital disorder\|Congenital]]
			\| duration = Lifelong
			\| causes = [[Genetic]]
			\| risks =
			\| diagnosis = [[Chest X-ray]], [[Echocardiogram]]
			\| differential = [[Situs inversus]], [[Situs solitus]]
			\| prevention = None
			\| treatment = Depends on associated conditions
			\| medication =
			\| prognosis = Varies depending on associated conditions
			\| frequency = Rare
			}}
	{{Short description\|A congenital condition where the heart is situated on the right side of the body}}		{{Short description\|A congenital condition where the heart is situated on the right side of the body}}

	'''Dextrocardia''' is a rare congenital condition in which the heart is located on the right side of the thoracic cavity instead of the left. This condition can occur as an isolated anomaly or as part of a more complex set of [[congenital heart defects]].		'''Dextrocardia''' is a rare congenital condition in which the heart is located on the right side of the thoracic cavity instead of the left. This condition can occur as an isolated anomaly or as part of a more complex set of [[congenital heart defects]].

	==Anatomy and Physiology==		==Anatomy and Physiology==
	In a typical human heart, the apex points to the left side of the body. In dextrocardia, the apex points to the right. This reversal of the heart's position can affect the orientation of the heart chambers and the great vessels, potentially impacting the heart's function.		In a typical human heart, the apex points to the left side of the body. In dextrocardia, the apex points to the right. This reversal of the heart's position can affect the orientation of the heart chambers and the great vessels, potentially impacting the heart's function.

	==Types of Dextrocardia==		==Types of Dextrocardia==
	Dextrocardia can be classified into two main types:		Dextrocardia can be classified into two main types:

	===Dextrocardia Situs Inversus===		===Dextrocardia Situs Inversus===
	In this form, the heart is a mirror image of a normal heart, and the other visceral organs are also reversed. This condition is known as [[situs inversus]]. Individuals with dextrocardia situs inversus may have no symptoms and lead normal lives, as the organs are simply mirrored but function normally.		In this form, the heart is a mirror image of a normal heart, and the other visceral organs are also reversed. This condition is known as [[situs inversus]]. Individuals with dextrocardia situs inversus may have no symptoms and lead normal lives, as the organs are simply mirrored but function normally.

	===Dextrocardia with Situs Solitus===		===Dextrocardia with Situs Solitus===
	In this type, the heart is on the right side, but the other organs are in their usual positions. This can be associated with other congenital heart defects, such as [[ventricular septal defect]]s or [[transposition of the great arteries]].		In this type, the heart is on the right side, but the other organs are in their usual positions. This can be associated with other congenital heart defects, such as [[ventricular septal defect]]s or [[transposition of the great arteries]].

	==Associated Conditions==		==Associated Conditions==
	Dextrocardia can be associated with several other conditions, including:		Dextrocardia can be associated with several other conditions, including:

	* [[Kartagener syndrome]]: A genetic disorder characterized by the triad of situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, and bronchiectasis.		* [[Kartagener syndrome]]: A genetic disorder characterized by the triad of situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, and bronchiectasis.
	* [[Congenital heart defects]]: Such as [[atrial septal defect]]s, [[tetralogy of Fallot]], and others.		* [[Congenital heart defects]]: Such as [[atrial septal defect]]s, [[tetralogy of Fallot]], and others.

	==Diagnosis==		==Diagnosis==
	Dextrocardia is often diagnosed through imaging studies such as a [[chest X-ray]], [[echocardiogram]], or [[MRI]]. These tests can reveal the position of the heart and any associated anomalies.		Dextrocardia is often diagnosed through imaging studies such as a [[chest X-ray]], [[echocardiogram]], or [[MRI]]. These tests can reveal the position of the heart and any associated anomalies.

	==Management==		==Management==
	The management of dextrocardia depends on the presence and severity of associated conditions. In cases where dextrocardia is isolated and asymptomatic, no treatment may be necessary. However, if there are associated heart defects, surgical intervention may be required.		The management of dextrocardia depends on the presence and severity of associated conditions. In cases where dextrocardia is isolated and asymptomatic, no treatment may be necessary. However, if there are associated heart defects, surgical intervention may be required.

	==Prognosis==		==Prognosis==
	The prognosis for individuals with dextrocardia varies. Those with isolated dextrocardia and no other health issues can have a normal life expectancy. However, the presence of complex congenital heart defects can affect the overall prognosis and may require ongoing medical care.		The prognosis for individuals with dextrocardia varies. Those with isolated dextrocardia and no other health issues can have a normal life expectancy. However, the presence of complex congenital heart defects can affect the overall prognosis and may require ongoing medical care.
			==See also==
	==~~Related pages~~==
	* [[Congenital heart defect]]		* [[Congenital heart defect]]
	* [[Situs inversus]]		* [[Situs inversus]]
	* [[Kartagener syndrome]]		* [[Kartagener syndrome]]

	[[Category:Congenital heart defects]]		[[Category:Congenital heart defects]]
	[[Category:Rare diseases]]		[[Category:Rare diseases]]

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2025-03-22T19:17:07Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 19:17, 22 March 2025
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	~~== Dextrocardia ==~~		{{Short description\|A congenital condition where the heart is situated on the right side of the body}}

	[[~~File:Dekstrokardiya - ürəyin sağda yerləşməsi.jpg\|yhumb\|Dekstrokardiya_-_ürəyin_sağda_yerləşməsi~~]]		'''Dextrocardia''' is a rare congenital condition in which the heart is located on the right side of the thoracic cavity instead of the left. This condition can occur as an isolated anomaly or as part of a more complex set of [[congenital heart defects]].

	~~'''Dextrocardia''' (from Latin ''dexter'', meaning "right,"~~ and ~~Greek ''kardia''~~, ~~meaning "heart") is a rare [[congenital condition]] in which~~ the apex of the ~~[[heart]] is located on the right~~ side of the body.<ref>{{Cite book\|title = Diagnostic Medical Sonography Obstetrics and Gynecology\|last = Stephenson\|first = Susan\|publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins\|year = 2012\|isbn = \|location = 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, ~~MD 21201\|pages = 582}}</ref> There are two main types~~ of ~~dextrocardia:~~ '~~''dextrocardia~~ of ~~embryonic arrest''' (also known as '''isolated dextrocardia'''){{citation needed\|date=January 2013}}~~ and '~~''dextrocardia [[situs inversus]]'''. Dextrocardia situs inversus is further divided~~.		==Anatomy and Physiology==
			In a typical human heart, the apex points to the left side of the body. In dextrocardia, the apex points to the right. This reversal of the heart's position can affect the orientation of the heart chambers and the great vessels, potentially impacting the heart's function.

	==~~Classification~~==		==Types of Dextrocardia==
			Dextrocardia can be classified into two main types:

	~~<youtube>~~		===Dextrocardia Situs Inversus===
	~~title~~=~~'''{{PAGENAME}}'''~~		In this form, the heart is a mirror image of a normal heart, and the other visceral organs are also reversed. This condition is known as [[situs inversus]]. Individuals with dextrocardia situs inversus may have no symptoms and lead normal lives, as the organs are simply mirrored but function normally.
	~~movie_url~~=~~http://www.youtube.com/v/4v7OeurBXP0~~
	~~&rel~~=1
	~~embed_source_url~~=~~http://www.youtube.com/v/4v7OeurBXP0~~
	~~&rel~~=1
	~~wrap~~ = ~~yes~~
	~~width=750~~
	~~height=600~~
	~~</youtube>~~

	===Dextrocardia ~~of embryonic arrest~~===		===Dextrocardia with Situs Solitus===
	In this ~~form of dextrocardia~~, the heart is ~~simply placed further~~ right in ~~the [[thorax]] than is normal~~. ~~It is commonly~~ associated with ~~severe~~ defects ~~of the heart and related abnormalities including~~ [[~~pulmonary hypoplasia~~]]~~.<ref name=AbbottMeakins>{{cite journal\|journal=Bulletin~~ of the ~~International Association of Medical Museums\|issue=5\|title=On the differentiation of two forms of congenital dextrocardia\|author=M~~. ~~E. Abbott\|author2=J. C. Meakins\|last-author-amp=yes\|pages=134–138\|year=1915\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=KKK4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134}}</ref>~~		In this type, the heart is on the right side, but the other organs are in their usual positions. This can be associated with other congenital heart defects, such as [[ventricular septal defect]]s or [[transposition of the great arteries]].

	==~~=Dextrocardia situs inversus=~~==		==Associated Conditions==
	Dextrocardia with ~~situs inversus refers to the heart being a mirror image situated on the right side. For all [[viscera]]l [[organ (anatomy)\|organs]] to be mirrored~~, ~~the correct term is [[Situs inversus\|dextrocardia situs inversus totalis]].~~		Dextrocardia can be associated with several other conditions, including:

	~~Although statistically people with dextrocardia do not have any medical problems from~~ the ~~disorder, they may be prone to a number~~ of ~~bowel~~, ~~esophageal~~, ~~bronchial~~ and ~~cardiovascular disorders (such as double outlet right ventricle, endocardial cushion defect and pulmonary stenosis)~~.~~<ref>{{cite news \|author=MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary \|title=Dextrocardia \|url=https~~:~~//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007326.htm}}</ref> Certain cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders related to dextrocardia can be life-threatening if left unchecked (see reference).~~		* [[Kartagener syndrome]]: A genetic disorder characterized by the triad of situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, and bronchiectasis.
			* [[Congenital heart defects]]: Such as [[atrial septal defect]]s, [[tetralogy of Fallot]], and others.
	[[~~Kartagener syndrome~~]] ~~may also be present in patients with dextrocardia but this must be in the setting~~ of ~~situs inversus~~ and may include male infertility.<ref>{{cite news \|vauthors=Renee A, Laux MS \|title=Kartagener Syndrome \|url=http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/kartagener-syndrome \|access-date=2013-05-14 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.~~org/web/20121105181831/http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/kartagener-syndrome \|archive-date=2012-11-05 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>~~

	==Diagnosis==		==Diagnosis==
	[[~~Medical diagnosis~~]] ~~of the two forms of congenital dextrocardia can be made by ECG<ref name=AbbottMeakins/>~~ or ~~imaging~~.		Dextrocardia is often diagnosed through imaging studies such as a [[chest X-ray]], [[echocardiogram]], or [[MRI]]. These tests can reveal the position of the heart and any associated anomalies.

	~~===Technical dextrocardia===~~
	~~'''Technical dextrocardia''' refers to an ECG reading that has no basis in~~ the ~~patient's anatomy. This apparent presentation is typically caused by the accidental lead placement~~ of the ~~left~~ and ~~right arm electrodes. Usually this would show as an extreme axis deviation~~.

	==Management==		==Management==
	~~[[Electrocardiogram\|ECG]] leads must be placed in reversed positions~~ on ~~a person with dextrocardia~~. In ~~addition, when [[Defibrillation\|defibrillating]] someone with~~ dextrocardia, the pads should be placed in reverse positions.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Bindra, S. MD \|author2=Tabibiazar, R. MD \|author3=Mazar, M MD \|author4=Dave, R MD \|last-author-amp=yes \|title=Clinical Vignette: Dextrocardia with Situs Inversus: Through the Looking Glass with an ECG \|journal=Proceedings of UCLA Healthcare \|publisher=Department of Medicine, UCLA \|volume=15 \|date=2011 \|url=http://www.med.ucla.edu/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=529 \|access-date=2013-05-14 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606211632/http://www.med.ucla.edu/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=529 \|archive-date=2014-06-06 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> That is~~, instead of upper right~~ and ~~lower left~~, ~~pads should~~ be ~~placed upper left and lower right~~.~~<ref>{{cite web \|author=Eddy~~, ~~S \|title=Dextrocardia and Proper Lead Placement \|url=http://medicmadness.com/tag/dextrocardia-defibrillation/ }}</ref>~~		The management of dextrocardia depends on the presence and severity of associated conditions. In cases where dextrocardia is isolated and asymptomatic, no treatment may be necessary. However, if there are associated heart defects, surgical intervention may be required.

	~~When [[~~heart ~~transplantation]] is~~ required in a person with situs inversus, reconstruction of the venous pathways to accommodate a normal donor heart is a major, but not insurmountable, challenge.<ref name="Deuse2009">{{cite journal\|last1=Deuse\|first1=Tobias\|last2=Reitz\|first2=Bruce A.\|title=Heart-Lung Transplantation In Situs Inversus Totalis\|journal=The Annals of Thoracic Surgery\|date=September 2009\|volume=88\|issue=3\|pages=1002–1003\|doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.01.060\|pmid=19699943}}</ref>

	~~== Epidemiology ==~~
	Dextrocardia is believed to occur in approximately 1 in 12,019 pregnancies.<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Bohun CM, Potts JE, Casey BM, Sandor GG \|title=A population-based study of cardiac malformations and outcomes associated with dextrocardia \|journal=Am. J. Cardiol. \|volume=100 \|issue=2 \|pages=305–9 \|date=July 2007 \|pmid=17631088 \|doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.02.095 }}</ref>

	A [[Japan]]ese study of 1,753 fetal cardiac [[echocardiogram]]s over five years revealed only two cases.<ref>{{cite journal\|language=Japanese, English \|author=Sato, T. \|display-authors=etal \|title=Clinical Course and Prognosis of Minor Abnormal Sonographic Findings in Fetal Echocardiography: Five Years of Experience at a Single Institute \|journal=Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery\|volume=30 \|issue=5 \|pages=563–568\|date=2014 \|doi=10.9794/jspccs.30.~~563}}</ref>~~

	==~~References~~==		==Prognosis==
	~~{{reflist}}~~		The prognosis for individuals with dextrocardia varies. Those with isolated dextrocardia and no other health issues can have a normal life expectancy. However, the presence of complex congenital heart defects can affect the overall prognosis and may require ongoing medical care.

	== ~~External links~~ ==		==Related pages==
	~~{{Medical resources~~		* [[Congenital heart defect]]
	~~\| DiseasesDB = 3617~~		* [[Situs inversus]]
	~~\| ICD10 = {{ICD10\|Q\|24\|0\|q\|20}}~~		* [[Kartagener syndrome]]
	~~\| ICD9 = {{ICD9\|746.87}}~~
	~~\| ICDO =~~
	~~\| OMIM =~~
	~~\| MedlinePlus = 007326~~
	~~\| eMedicineSubj =~~
	~~\| eMedicineTopic =~~
	}}
	*~~{{RareDiseases\|1827\|Dextrocardia}}~~
	*~~{{RareDiseases\|6268\|Dextrocardia with situs~~ inversus}}
	~~{{Laterality}}~~
	~~{{Congenital malformations and deformations of circulatory system}}~~

	[[Category:Congenital heart defects]]		[[Category:Congenital heart defects]]
	[[Category:Rare diseases]]		[[Category:Rare diseases]]
	~~{{stub}}~~

Kondreddy Naveen at 19:01, 30 November 2023

2023-11-30T19:01:50Z

New page

== Dextrocardia ==

[[File:Dekstrokardiya - ürəyin sağda yerləşməsi.jpg|yhumb|Dekstrokardiya_-_ürəyin_sağda_yerləşməsi]]

'''Dextrocardia''' (from Latin ''dexter'', meaning "right," and Greek ''kardia'', meaning "heart") is a rare [[congenital condition]] in which the apex of the [[heart]] is located on the right side of the body.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Diagnostic Medical Sonography Obstetrics and Gynecology|last = Stephenson|first = Susan|publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year = 2012|isbn = |location = 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201|pages = 582}}</ref> There are two main types of dextrocardia: '''dextrocardia of embryonic arrest''' (also known as '''isolated dextrocardia'''){{citation needed|date=January 2013}} and '''dextrocardia [[situs inversus]]'''. Dextrocardia situs inversus is further divided.

==Classification==

<youtube>
title='''{{PAGENAME}}'''
movie_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/4v7OeurBXP0
&rel=1
embed_source_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/4v7OeurBXP0
&rel=1
wrap = yes
width=750
height=600
</youtube>

===Dextrocardia of embryonic arrest===
In this form of dextrocardia, the heart is simply placed further right in the [[thorax]] than is normal. It is commonly associated with severe defects of the heart and related abnormalities including [[pulmonary hypoplasia]].<ref name=AbbottMeakins>{{cite journal|journal=Bulletin of the International Association of Medical Museums|issue=5|title=On the differentiation of two forms of congenital dextrocardia|author=M. E. Abbott|author2=J. C. Meakins|last-author-amp=yes|pages=134–138|year=1915|url=https://books.google.com/?id=KKK4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134}}</ref>

===Dextrocardia situs inversus===
Dextrocardia with situs inversus refers to the heart being a mirror image situated on the right side. For all [[viscera]]l [[organ (anatomy)|organs]] to be mirrored, the correct term is [[Situs inversus|dextrocardia situs inversus totalis]].

Although statistically people with dextrocardia do not have any medical problems from the disorder, they may be prone to a number of bowel, esophageal, bronchial and cardiovascular disorders (such as double outlet right ventricle, endocardial cushion defect and pulmonary stenosis).<ref>{{cite news |author=MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary |title=Dextrocardia |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007326.htm}}</ref> Certain cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders related to dextrocardia can be life-threatening if left unchecked (see reference).

[[Kartagener syndrome]] may also be present in patients with dextrocardia but this must be in the setting of situs inversus and may include male infertility.<ref>{{cite news |vauthors=Renee A, Laux MS |title=Kartagener Syndrome |url=http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/kartagener-syndrome |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105181831/http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/kartagener-syndrome |archive-date=2012-11-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Diagnosis==
[[Medical diagnosis]] of the two forms of congenital dextrocardia can be made by ECG<ref name=AbbottMeakins/> or imaging.

===Technical dextrocardia===
'''Technical dextrocardia''' refers to an ECG reading that has no basis in the patient's anatomy. This apparent presentation is typically caused by the accidental lead placement of the left and right arm electrodes. Usually this would show as an extreme axis deviation.

==Management==
[[Electrocardiogram|ECG]] leads must be placed in reversed positions on a person with dextrocardia. In addition, when [[Defibrillation|defibrillating]] someone with dextrocardia, the pads should be placed in reverse positions.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bindra, S. MD |author2=Tabibiazar, R. MD |author3=Mazar, M MD |author4=Dave, R MD |last-author-amp=yes |title=Clinical Vignette: Dextrocardia with Situs Inversus: Through the Looking Glass with an ECG |journal=Proceedings of UCLA Healthcare |publisher=Department of Medicine, UCLA |volume=15 |date=2011 |url=http://www.med.ucla.edu/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=529 |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606211632/http://www.med.ucla.edu/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=529 |archive-date=2014-06-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> That is, instead of upper right and lower left, pads should be placed upper left and lower right.<ref>{{cite web |author=Eddy, S |title=Dextrocardia and Proper Lead Placement |url=http://medicmadness.com/tag/dextrocardia-defibrillation/ }}</ref>

When [[heart transplantation]] is required in a person with situs inversus, reconstruction of the venous pathways to accommodate a normal donor heart is a major, but not insurmountable, challenge.<ref name="Deuse2009">{{cite journal|last1=Deuse|first1=Tobias|last2=Reitz|first2=Bruce A.|title=Heart-Lung Transplantation In Situs Inversus Totalis|journal=The Annals of Thoracic Surgery|date=September 2009|volume=88|issue=3|pages=1002–1003|doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.01.060|pmid=19699943}}</ref>

== Epidemiology ==
Dextrocardia is believed to occur in approximately 1 in 12,019 pregnancies.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bohun CM, Potts JE, Casey BM, Sandor GG |title=A population-based study of cardiac malformations and outcomes associated with dextrocardia |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=305–9 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17631088 |doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.02.095 }}</ref>

A [[Japan]]ese study of 1,753 fetal cardiac [[echocardiogram]]s over five years revealed only two cases.<ref>{{cite journal|language=Japanese, English |author=Sato, T. |display-authors=etal |title=Clinical Course and Prognosis of Minor Abnormal Sonographic Findings in Fetal Echocardiography: Five Years of Experience at a Single Institute |journal=Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery|volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=563–568|date=2014 |doi=10.9794/jspccs.30.563}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Medical resources
| DiseasesDB = 3617
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|Q|24|0|q|20}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|746.87}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus = 007326
| eMedicineSubj =
| eMedicineTopic =
}}
*{{RareDiseases|1827|Dextrocardia}}
*{{RareDiseases|6268|Dextrocardia with situs inversus}}
{{Laterality}}
{{Congenital malformations and deformations of circulatory system}}

[[Category:Congenital heart defects]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
{{stub}}