Kondreddy Naveen at 00:00, 29 March 2024

2024-03-29T00:00:21Z

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== '''What is Dapsone?''' ==

* '''Dapsone''', also known as '''4,4'-sulfonyldianiline''' (SDA) or '''diaminodiphenyl sulfone''' (DDS) is an antibacterial drug for susceptible cases of [[leprosy]].

[[File:Dapsone.svg|thumb|Dapsone]]

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== '''What are the uses of this medicine?''' ==

Dapsone, is used in the treatment of:
* [[Dermatitis herpetiformis]]
* [[Leprosy]]

'''Other uses:'''
* Dapsone is also available as a topical gel for therapy of [[acne]].
* Off-label uses include [[prophylaxis]] against [[pneumocystis jiroveci]] (formerly carinii) in HIV infected patients.

[[File:Dapsone 3D spacefill.png|thumb|Dapsone 3D spacefill]]

== '''How does this medicine work?''' ==

* Dapsone (dap' sone) is '''4,4’ diaminodiphenylsulfone''' and is [[bacteriostatic]] for [[Mycobacterium leprae]].
* Like other sulfonamides, dapsone is believed to '''act by inhibition of folate synthesis'''. Bacteria including M.leprae are acutely sensitive to this inhibition as folate is necessary for protein, [[DNA]] and [[RNA]] synthesis.
* In contrast, humans are not affected by this inhibition of folate synthesis because they rely upon dietary sources of folate.
* The mechanism of action in [[Dermatitis herpetiformis]] has not been established.

[[File:Dapsone3d.png|thumb|Dapsone3d]]

== '''Who Should Not Use this medicine ?''' ==

This medicine cannot be used in patients with:
* [[Hypersensitivity]] to Dapsone and/or its derivatives.

== '''What drug interactions can this medicine cause?''' ==

* Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.

Be sure to mention any of the following:
* [[Aminobenzoate Potassium|aminobenzoate potassium]] (Potaba), [[aminobenzoic acid]], [[Clofazimine|clofazimine]] (Lamprene), [[didanosine]] (Videx), [[probenecid]] (Benemid), [[pyrimethamine]] (Daraprim), [[rifampin]] (Rifadin), [[trimethoprim]] (Bactrim, Cotrim, Septra), or vitamins.

== '''Is this medicine FDA approved?''' ==

* Dapsone was approved for use in the United States in 1979.

== '''How should this medicine be used?''' ==

'''Recommended dosage:'''
'''For Dermatitis herpetiformis:'''
* The dosage should be individually titrated starting in adults with '''50 mg daily''' and correspondingly smaller doses in children.
* If full control is not achieved within the range of '''50-300 mg daily''', higher doses may be tried.
* Dosage should be reduced to a minimum maintenance level as soon as possible.
* A strict [[gluten]] free diet is an option for the patient to elect, permitting many to reduce or eliminate the need for Dapsone; the average time for dosage reduction is 8 months with a range of 4 months to 2 1/2 years and for dosage elimination 29 months with a range of 6 months to 9 years.

'''For Leprosy:'''
* Dapsone is usually started at a low dose in the range of '''50 mg daily and titrated upward to a total daily dose of 100 to 300 mg'''.
* In the therapy of leprosy, the combination of dapsone with clofazimine and [[rifampin]] is recommended for 6 or 12 months followed by monotherapy with dapsone until all signs of clinical activity are controlled and biopsies are negative for at least a year.
* Up-to-date and reliable information on the management of leprosy is available from the [[National Hansen's Disease Programs|National Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) Clinical Center]], Baton Rouge, LA.

'''Administration:'''
* Dapsone comes as a tablet to take by mouth.
* Dapsone usually is taken either once a day or three times a week.
* Take dapsone exactly as directed.
* Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor.

== '''What are the dosage forms and brand names of this medicine?''' ==

This medicine is available in fallowing doasage form:
* As tablets of 25 and 100 mg for oral use.

This medicine is available in fallowing brand namesː
* '''Dapsone'''

=='''What side effects can this medication cause?'''==

The most common side effects of this medicine include:
* [[hemolysis]] and [[anemia]], nausea, abdominal pain, [[tinnitus]], [[vertigo]], blurred vision, headache, [[insomnia]], and rash.

Less common, but serious side effects may include:
* [[peripheral neuropathy]], [[acute psychosis]], [[nephrotic syndrome]], [[acute liver injury]], [[hemolysis]], [[agranulocytosis]], [[aplastic anemia]], [[hypersensitivity]] reactions and a [[lupus]]-like syndrome.

* In addition to the warnings and adverse effects reported above, additional adverse reactions include: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pains, [[pancreatitis]], [[vertigo]], blurred vision, [[tinnitus]], [[insomnia]], fever, headache, [[psychosis]], [[phototoxicity]], [[pulmonary eosinophilia]], [[tachycardia]], [[albuminuria]], the [[nephrotic syndrome]], [[hypoalbuminemia]] without [[proteinuria]], [[renal papillary necrosis]], male infertility, drug-induced [[Lupus erythematosus]] and an infectious [[mononucleosis]]-like syndrome.

==''' What special precautions should I follow?''' ==

* [[Hemolysis]] and [[Heinz body]] formation may be exaggerated in individuals with a [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency|glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency]], or [[methemoglobin reductase deficiency]], or hemoglobin M. This reaction is frequently dose-related. Dapsone should be given with caution to these patients or if the patient is exposed to other agents or conditions such as infection or [[diabetic ketosis]] capable of producing [[hemolysis]].
* Toxic [[hepatitis]] and [[cholestatic jaundice]] have been reported early in therapy. When feasible, baseline and subsequent monitoring of liver function is recommended; if abnormal, Dapsone should be discontinued until the source of the abnormality is established.
* The patient should be warned to respond to the presence of clinical signs such as [[sore throat]], fever, [[pallor]], [[purpura]] or [[jaundice]].
* [[Complete blood count]]s should be done frequently in patients receiving Dapsone. If a significant reduction in [[leucocytes]], [[platelets]] or [[hemopoiesis]] is noted, Dapsone should be discontinued and the patient followed intensively. if a significant reduction in leucocytes, platelets or hemopoiesis is noted, Dapsone should be discontinued and the patient followed intensively.
* [[Folic acid antagonists]] have similar effects and may increase the incidence of hematologic reactions; if co-administered with Dapsone the patient should be monitored more frequently.
* Patients on weekly pyrimethamine and Dapsone have developed [[agranulocytosis]] during the second and third month of therapy.
* Severe [[anemia]] should be treated prior to initiation of therapy and [[hemoglobin]] monitored.
* Plan to avoid unnecessary or prolonged exposure to sunlight and to wear protective clothing, sunglasses, and sunscreen. Dapsone may make your skin sensitive to sunlight.
* Dapsone has been linked with rare cases of idiosyncratic [[liver injury]], similar to that seen with the sulfonamides.
* Dapsone is excreted in breast milk in substantial amounts. Hemolytic reactions can occur in neonates.

== '''What to do in case of emergency/overdose?''' ==

Symptoms of overdose may include:
* Nausea, vomiting, hyperexcitability.

Management of overdosage:
* {{overdose}}
* [[Methemoglobin]] induced [[depression]], [[convulsions]] or severe [[cyanosis]] requires prompt treatment. In normal and methemoglobin reductase deficient patients, [[methylene blue]], 1-2 mg/kg of body weight, given slowly intravenously, is the treatment of choice.
* For non-emergencies, if treatment is needed, methylene blue may be given orally in doses of 3-5 mg/kg every 4-6 hours.
* Methylene blue reduction depends on G6PD and should not be given to fully expressed G6PD deficient patients.

== '''Can this medicine be used in pregnancy?''' ==

* Pregnancy Category C.
* Because of the lack of animal studies or controlled human experience, Dapsone should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed.

=='''Can this medicine be used in children?'''==

* Pediatric patients are treated on the same schedule as adults but with correspondingly smaller doses.

== '''What are the active and inactive ingredients in this medicine?''' ==

'''Active ingredient:'''
* dapsone

'''Inactive ingredients:'''
* silicon dioxide
* magnesium stearate
* cellulose, microcrystalline
* starch, corn

== '''Who manufactures and distributes this medicine?''' ==

* [[Jacobus Pharmaceutical Company Inc.|jacobus pharmaceutical co., inc]].
* Princeton, NJ

== '''What should I know about storage and disposal of this medication?''' ==

* Store at 20°- 25° C (68°- 77°F).
* Protect from light.

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[[Category:AbbVie brands]]
[[Category:Anilines]]
[[Category:Anti-acne preparations]]
[[Category:Antileprotic drugs]]
[[Category:Benzosulfones]]
[[Category:Dihydropteroate synthetase inhibitors]]
[[Category:German inventions]]

Dapsone - Revision history

Kondreddy Naveen at 00:00, 29 March 2024