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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>'''Cytopenia''' is a reduction in the number of mature [[blood cell]]s<ref>“Figure 2f from: Irimia R, Gottschling M (2016) Taxonomic Revision of Rochefortia Sw. (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales). Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e7720. <nowiki>Https://Doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7720.”</nowiki> doi:10.3897/bdj.4.e7720.figure2f. </ref>. It is common in cancer patients being treated with radiation and/or chemotherapy.<br />
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== Types of Cytopenia ==<br />
Anemia - a reduction of the red blood cells in the body.<br />
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Leukopenia - a deficiency of white blood cells, or [[leukocytes]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68007970|title=Leukopenia - MeSH - NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2019-08-14}}</ref><br />
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Neutropenia - a type of leukopenia, with a specific deficiency in [[Neutrophil|neutrophils]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68009503|title=Neutropenia - MeSH - NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2019-08-14}}</ref><br />
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Thrombocytopenia - a deficiency of [[Platelet|platelets]]<br />
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Pancytopenia - When all three types of blood cells; red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, are all deficient. This is a life threatening disorder that is a characteristic of [[aplastic anemia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.healthcommunities.com/cytopenia/cytopenia-overview.shtml|title=Cytopenia Overview, Types - Cytopenia - HealthCommunities.com|website=www.healthcommunities.com|access-date=2019-02-26}}</ref><br />
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There are also two general types of cytopenia: autoimmune and refractory.<br />
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Autoimmune cytopenia - caused by an autoimmune disease when your body produces antibodies to destroy the healthy blood cells.<br />
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Refractory cytopenia - caused by bone marrow not producing healthy blood cells, and can be a result of cancer.<br />
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== Symptoms ==<br />
The symptoms of cytopenia vary depending on what type is diagnosed.<br />
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The symptoms of anemia include:<br />
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* Fatigue<br />
* Weakness<br />
* Shortness of breath<br />
* Poor concentration<br />
* Dizziness or feeling lightheaded<br />
* Cold hands or feet<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351360|title=Anemia - Symptoms and causes|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en|access-date=2019-02-26}}</ref><br />
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The symptoms of leukopenia include:<br />
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* Frequent infections<br />
* Fever<br />
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The symptoms of thrombocytopenia include:<br />
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* Easily bleeding or bruising<br />
* Difficulty to stop bleeding<br />
* Internal bleeding <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/cytopenia|title=Cytopenia: Types, Symptoms, and Causes|date=2017-12-11|website=Healthline|language=en|access-date=2019-02-26}}</ref><br />
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== Causes ==<br />
Cytopenias are caused by anything that promotes the body into creating antibodies to fight blood cells. This includes, but is not limited to,:<br />
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* Chemotherapy<br />
* Malignant tumors<br />
* Antacids<br />
* Antibiotics<br />
* Anticonvulsants<br />
* Antimalarials<br />
* Antivirals<br />
* Cardiac drugs<br />
* Diabetes drugs<br />
* Hyperthyroid drugs<br />
* NSAIDs<br />
* Rheumatoid arthritis drugs<br />
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== Treatment ==<br />
The treatments for cytopenia vary depending on the type of cytopenia. The treatment for anemia is rest and a diet consisting of high iron foods. Medication can also be used such as:<br />
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* Epoetin alpha - a synthetic erythropoietin that stimulates stem cells to produce red blood cells.<br />
* Darbepoetin alfa - Stimulates red blood cells but requires less daily doses and less disruption in activities.<br />
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People with thrombocytopenia can be treated by avoiding skin damage such as bruising or breaking of the skin.<br />
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Neutropenia patients are advised to avoid contact with people who are ill, monitor closely for signs of infection, and take antibiotics when appropriate.<br />
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Growth factors are also another way to treat cytopenia. Growth factors are synthetic versions of substances involved in stimulating red and white blood cell production. These medications include:<br />
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* Epoetin alfa<br />
* G-CSF<br />
* GM-CSF<br />
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Bone marrow and stem cell transplantation are effective for all types of cytopenias. However, when a compatible donor cannot be found, immunosuppressive therapy is also common. Antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) or antithymocyte globulin (ATG) is mixed with cyclosporine to promote cell growth. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.healthcommunities.com/cytopenia/treatment.shtml|title=Cytopenia Treatment, Prognosis - Cytopenia - HealthCommunities.com|website=www.healthcommunities.com|access-date=2019-02-26}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Polycythemia]], the opposite of anemia<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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[[Category:Blood disorders]]<br />
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{{blood-disease-stub}}</div>Prab