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[[File:President_Ronald_Reagan_talks_with_Mikhail_Gorbachev_in_the_Oval_Office_during_the_Washington_Summit.jpg|thumb]] '''Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty''' (CTBT) is an international [[treaty]] that bans all [[nuclear explosions]], for both civilian and military purposes, in all environments. The treaty was opened for signature on September 24, 1996, but has not yet entered into force, as eight specific [[nuclear weapons]] states have not ratified the treaty.

==Overview==
The CTBT aims to inhibit the development of new [[nuclear weapons]] and the improvement of existing weapons. It is seen as a critical step towards nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, contributing to global peace and security. The treaty establishes a global verification regime, including a network of [[seismic stations]], [[radionuclide stations]], [[infrasound stations]], and [[hydroacoustic stations]] to detect nuclear explosions. This verification regime is overseen by the [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization]] (CTBTO), based in Vienna, Austria.

==History==
The idea of banning nuclear tests has been around since the early days of the [[Cold War]], with partial test bans, such as the [[Limited Test Ban Treaty]] of 1963, which prohibited nuclear tests in the atmosphere, outer space, and underwater. The CTBT negotiations were concluded in 1996 after years of discussions within the framework of the [[United Nations]].

==Key Provisions==
* '''Ban on Nuclear Explosions''': The treaty prohibits any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion in all environments.
* '''Verification Mechanism''': Establishes a comprehensive verification regime to monitor compliance, including an International Monitoring System (IMS), a Global Communications Infrastructure, and an International Data Centre.
* '''Entry into Force''': The treaty will enter into force 180 days after it has been ratified by 44 states listed in Annex 2 of the treaty, which includes nuclear technology holders.

==Current Status==
As of now, the CTBT has not entered into force due to the non-ratification by eight Annex 2 states. However, the treaty has been signed by 184 countries and ratified by 168. The CTBTO's Preparatory Commission continues to build the treaty's verification regime in anticipation of its entry into force.

==Challenges and Criticisms==
The main challenge facing the CTBT is its entry into force. The requirement for ratification by specific nuclear-capable states means that the treaty's effectiveness is contingent upon the political will of these countries. Critics argue that the treaty may not prevent countries from developing nuclear capabilities clandestinely and that it may not be effective without universal adherence.

==Conclusion==
The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty represents a significant effort in the international community's attempts to curb the proliferation of nuclear weapons and to advance global disarmament. Despite not having entered into force, the treaty has established a robust verification regime and has garnered widespread support, reflecting the global consensus against nuclear testing.

[[Category:International treaties]]
[[Category:Nuclear weapons policy]]
[[Category:Arms control]]
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Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty - Revision history

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