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[[File:Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png|thumb|Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India]] [[file:Thangassery_Fort.jpg|right|thumb|Thangassery_Fort]] [[file:De_Lannoy_Surrender.JPG|right|thumb|De_Lannoy_Surrender]] [[file:Fort_St._George,_Chennai.jpg|thumb|Fort_St._George,_Chennai]] [[file:Clive.jpg|thumb|Clive]] [[file:_Defence-of-Arrah-House.png|thumb|_Defence-of-Arrah-House]] [[file:Marche_sel.jpg|thumb|Marche_sel]] == Colonial India ==

'''Colonial India''' refers to the period of [[Indian history]] when the [[Indian subcontinent]] was under the control of various European colonial powers, primarily the [[British Empire]]. This era began in the early 16th century with the arrival of the [[Portuguese]] and lasted until the mid-20th century when [[India]] gained independence in 1947.

=== Early European Presence ===
The first European power to establish a presence in India was [[Portugal]]. In 1498, [[Vasco da Gama]] reached the coast of [[Calicut]], marking the beginning of European maritime exploration in the region. The Portuguese established several trading posts and forts along the western coast of India, including [[Goa]], which became the center of their colonial activities.

=== British East India Company ===
The [[British East India Company]] was established in 1600 and gradually expanded its influence in India through trade and military conquest. The [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757 and the [[Battle of Buxar]] in 1764 were significant events that marked the beginning of British political control in India. The Company established its dominance over large parts of India, including [[Bengal]], [[Bombay Presidency]], and [[Madras Presidency]].

=== British Raj ===
In 1858, following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the British Crown took direct control of India, marking the beginning of the [[British Raj]]. The [[Government of India Act 1858]] transferred power from the East India Company to the British Crown. The British Raj was characterized by significant administrative, economic, and social changes, including the introduction of the [[railway system]], [[telegraph]], and [[modern education]].

=== Economic Impact ===
Colonial rule had a profound impact on the Indian economy. The British introduced new land revenue systems, such as the [[Permanent Settlement]] and the [[Ryotwari system]], which altered traditional agrarian structures. The focus on cash crops like [[cotton]], [[indigo]], and [[opium]] led to the decline of traditional industries and increased dependency on British goods.

=== Social and Cultural Changes ===
The British colonial period also brought about significant social and cultural changes. The introduction of English education and the establishment of institutions like the [[University of Calcutta]], [[University of Bombay]], and [[University of Madras]] played a crucial role in the emergence of a new educated middle class. Social reforms, such as the abolition of [[sati]] and the introduction of the [[Widow Remarriage Act]], were also significant.

=== Independence Movement ===
The struggle for Indian independence was marked by various movements and leaders. The formation of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1885 and the rise of leaders like [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] were pivotal in the fight against British rule. The [[Non-Cooperation Movement]], [[Civil Disobedience Movement]], and the [[Quit India Movement]] were significant milestones in the independence struggle.

=== Partition and Independence ===
India gained independence on August 15, 1947, leading to the partition of the subcontinent into two separate nations, [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. The partition was accompanied by widespread violence and mass migrations.

== Related Pages ==
* [[British East India Company]]
* [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
* [[British Raj]]
* [[Indian National Congress]]
* [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
* [[Partition of India]]

[[Category:History of India]]
[[Category:British Empire]]
[[Category:Colonialism]]

{{History-stub}}

Colonial India - Revision history

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