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= Cold Reading =

'''Cold reading''' is a set of techniques used by mentalists, psychics, fortune-tellers, and mediums to imply that they know much more about a person than they actually do. By analyzing a person's body language, age, clothing, hairstyle, gender, sexual orientation, religion, race, level of education, manner of speech, place of origin, etc., a cold reader can quickly obtain a great deal of information about their subject. This information is then used to make high-probability guesses about the subject, which are often perceived as uncanny insights or revelations.

== Techniques ==
Cold reading involves several techniques that can be used to create the illusion of mind reading or psychic ability. Some of the most common techniques include:

=== The Barnum Effect ===
{{Main|Barnum effect}}
The Barnum effect, also known as the Forer effect, is a psychological phenomenon where individuals believe that vague, general statements about personality are highly accurate for them personally. Cold readers use this effect by making statements that are true for most people, such as "You have a desire to be liked by others" or "You have a tendency to be critical of yourself."

=== Shotgunning ===
Shotgunning involves making a large number of general statements in rapid succession, with the hope that some of them will be applicable to the subject. For example, a cold reader might say, "I'm seeing a connection to the letter J, or perhaps a G. Does this mean anything to you?" The subject is likely to find some connection to these letters, making the statement seem accurate.

=== Fishing ===
Fishing is a technique where the cold reader asks a series of questions to elicit information from the subject. The reader then uses this information to make statements that appear to be insightful. For example, "Have you recently lost someone close to you?" If the subject responds affirmatively, the reader can proceed with statements about the deceased.

=== Rainbow Ruse ===
A rainbow ruse is a statement that attributes both a trait and its opposite to the subject, ensuring that the statement is always true. For example, "You can be very outgoing at times, but you also enjoy your solitude."

== Applications ==
Cold reading is often used in entertainment settings, such as magic shows and psychic readings. It is also used by some individuals who claim to have paranormal abilities, such as [[clairvoyance]] or [[mediumship]].

== Criticism ==
Cold reading has been criticized for being deceptive and exploitative, particularly when used by individuals who claim to have genuine psychic abilities. Skeptics argue that cold reading preys on vulnerable individuals seeking comfort or guidance.

== See Also ==
* [[Hot reading]]
* [[Confirmation bias]]
* [[Psychological manipulation]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External Links ==
* [https://www.skeptic.com/ Skeptic Magazine]
* [https://www.csicop.org/ Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]

[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Magic (illusion)]]
[[Category:Paranormal]]

Cold reading - Revision history

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