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2025-04-05T02:06:46Z

CSV import

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:06, 5 April 2025
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	[[file:Pseudomembranous_colitis.JPG\|thumb~~\|left~~]] [[file:How_C._difficile_spreads.png\|thumb~~\|left~~]] [[file:Clostridium_difficile_EM.png\|thumb~~\|right~~]] [[image:Clostridium_difficile_colonies.png\|thumb~~\|right~~]] [[file:Colonic_pseudomembranes_low_mag.jpg\|thumb~~\|right~~]] '''Clostridioides difficile infection''' (CDI) is a symptomatic infection due to the spore-forming bacterium ''[[Clostridioides difficile]]''. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, fever, nausea, and abdominal pain. It makes up about 20% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.		{{SI}}
			{{Infobox medical condition
			\| name = Clostridioides difficile infection
			\| image = [[File:Pseudomembranous_colitis.JPG\|alt=Colonic pseudomembranes in C. difficile infection]]
			\| caption = Colonic pseudomembranes in ''C. difficile'' infection
			\| field = [[Infectious disease]]
			\| synonyms = ''Clostridium difficile'' infection, C. diff infection, CDI
			\| symptoms = [[Diarrhea]], [[abdominal pain]], [[fever]], [[nausea]]
			\| complications = [[Toxic megacolon]], [[perforation of the colon]], [[sepsis]]
			\| onset = Usually after [[antibiotic]] use
			\| duration = Variable
			\| causes = ''[[Clostridioides difficile]]'' bacteria
			\| risks = Recent [[antibiotic]] use, hospitalization, [[immunosuppression]]
			\| diagnosis = [[Stool test]], [[colonoscopy]]
			\| differential = [[Inflammatory bowel disease]], [[gastroenteritis]], [[irritable bowel syndrome]]
			\| prevention = [[Hand hygiene]], [[antibiotic stewardship]]
			\| treatment = [[Metronidazole]], [[vancomycin]], [[fidaxomicin]], [[fecal microbiota transplant]]
			\| medication = [[Antibiotics]]
			\| prognosis = Variable, can be severe
			\| frequency = Common in hospitalized patients
			\| deaths = Approximately 29,000 annually in the United States
			}}
			[[file:Pseudomembranous_colitis.JPG\|left\|thumb]] [[file:How_C._difficile_spreads.png\|left\|thumb]] [[file:Clostridium_difficile_EM.png\|left\|thumb]] [[image:Clostridium_difficile_colonies.png\|left\|thumb]] [[file:Colonic_pseudomembranes_low_mag.jpg\|left\|thumb]] '''Clostridioides difficile infection''' (CDI) is a symptomatic infection due to the spore-forming bacterium ''[[Clostridioides difficile]]''. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, fever, nausea, and abdominal pain. It makes up about 20% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
	== Signs and symptoms ==		== Signs and symptoms ==
	The primary symptom of CDI is [[diarrhea]], which can range from mild to severe. Other symptoms may include:		The primary symptom of CDI is [[diarrhea]], which can range from mild to severe. Other symptoms may include:
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	* Loss of appetite		* Loss of appetite
	* Dehydration		* Dehydration

	In severe cases, CDI can lead to [[pseudomembranous colitis]], a severe inflammation of the colon, and can result in [[toxic megacolon]], [[sepsis]], and even death.		In severe cases, CDI can lead to [[pseudomembranous colitis]], a severe inflammation of the colon, and can result in [[toxic megacolon]], [[sepsis]], and even death.

	== Causes ==		== Causes ==
	CDI is caused by the bacterium ''Clostridioides difficile''. The infection typically occurs after the use of [[antibiotics]] that disrupt the normal [[gut flora]], allowing ''C. difficile'' to proliferate. Common antibiotics associated with CDI include [[clindamycin]], [[fluoroquinolones]], [[cephalosporins]], and [[penicillins]].		CDI is caused by the bacterium ''Clostridioides difficile''. The infection typically occurs after the use of [[antibiotics]] that disrupt the normal [[gut flora]], allowing ''C. difficile'' to proliferate. Common antibiotics associated with CDI include [[clindamycin]], [[fluoroquinolones]], [[cephalosporins]], and [[penicillins]].

	== Pathophysiology ==		== Pathophysiology ==
	''C. difficile'' produces toxins, [[TcdA]] and [[TcdB]], which cause inflammation and damage to the intestinal lining. These toxins disrupt the cytoskeleton of the intestinal epithelial cells, leading to cell death and the formation of pseudomembranes.		''C. difficile'' produces toxins, [[TcdA]] and [[TcdB]], which cause inflammation and damage to the intestinal lining. These toxins disrupt the cytoskeleton of the intestinal epithelial cells, leading to cell death and the formation of pseudomembranes.

	== Diagnosis ==		== Diagnosis ==
	Diagnosis of CDI is typically confirmed by:		Diagnosis of CDI is typically confirmed by:
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	* [[Enzyme immunoassay]] (EIA) for toxins A and B		* [[Enzyme immunoassay]] (EIA) for toxins A and B
	* [[Glutamate dehydrogenase]] (GDH) antigen test		* [[Glutamate dehydrogenase]] (GDH) antigen test

	== Treatment ==		== Treatment ==
	Treatment of CDI involves:		Treatment of CDI involves:
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	* Administration of specific antibiotics such as [[metronidazole]], [[vancomycin]], or [[fidaxomicin]]		* Administration of specific antibiotics such as [[metronidazole]], [[vancomycin]], or [[fidaxomicin]]
	* In severe cases, [[fecal microbiota transplantation]] (FMT) may be considered		* In severe cases, [[fecal microbiota transplantation]] (FMT) may be considered

	== Prevention ==		== Prevention ==
	Preventive measures include:		Preventive measures include:
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	* Use of [[contact precautions]] in healthcare settings		* Use of [[contact precautions]] in healthcare settings
	* Environmental cleaning and disinfection with agents effective against ''C. difficile'' spores		* Environmental cleaning and disinfection with agents effective against ''C. difficile'' spores

	== Epidemiology ==		== Epidemiology ==
	CDI is a significant cause of [[healthcare-associated infections]] (HAIs). It is more common in older adults and individuals with weakened immune systems. The incidence of CDI has been increasing, partly due to the emergence of hypervirulent strains such as the [[BI/NAP1/027 strain]].		CDI is a significant cause of [[healthcare-associated infections]] (HAIs). It is more common in older adults and individuals with weakened immune systems. The incidence of CDI has been increasing, partly due to the emergence of hypervirulent strains such as the [[BI/NAP1/027 strain]].

	== See also ==		== See also ==
	* [[Antibiotic-associated diarrhea]]		* [[Antibiotic-associated diarrhea]]
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	* [[Fecal microbiota transplantation]]		* [[Fecal microbiota transplantation]]
	* [[Healthcare-associated infections]]		* [[Healthcare-associated infections]]

	== References ==		== References ==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

	== External links ==		== External links ==
	{{Commons category\|Clostridioides difficile infection}}		{{Commons category\|Clostridioides difficile infection}}

	[[Category:Infectious diseases]]		[[Category:Infectious diseases]]
	[[Category:Gram-positive bacterial infections]]		[[Category:Gram-positive bacterial infections]]
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	[[Category:Gastroenterology]]		[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
	[[Category:Antibiotic-associated diarrhea]]		[[Category:Antibiotic-associated diarrhea]]

	{{Infectious disease}}		{{Infectious disease}}
	{{medicine-stub}}		{{medicine-stub}}

Prab: CSV import

2024-05-19T20:36:51Z

CSV import

New page

[[file:Pseudomembranous_colitis.JPG|thumb|left]] [[file:How_C._difficile_spreads.png|thumb|left]] [[file:Clostridium_difficile_EM.png|thumb|right]] [[image:Clostridium_difficile_colonies.png|thumb|right]] [[file:Colonic_pseudomembranes_low_mag.jpg|thumb|right]] '''Clostridioides difficile infection''' (CDI) is a symptomatic infection due to the spore-forming bacterium ''[[Clostridioides difficile]]''. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, fever, nausea, and abdominal pain. It makes up about 20% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

== Signs and symptoms ==
The primary symptom of CDI is [[diarrhea]], which can range from mild to severe. Other symptoms may include:
* [[Fever]]
* [[Nausea]]
* [[Abdominal pain]]
* Loss of appetite
* Dehydration

In severe cases, CDI can lead to [[pseudomembranous colitis]], a severe inflammation of the colon, and can result in [[toxic megacolon]], [[sepsis]], and even death.

== Causes ==
CDI is caused by the bacterium ''Clostridioides difficile''. The infection typically occurs after the use of [[antibiotics]] that disrupt the normal [[gut flora]], allowing ''C. difficile'' to proliferate. Common antibiotics associated with CDI include [[clindamycin]], [[fluoroquinolones]], [[cephalosporins]], and [[penicillins]].

== Pathophysiology ==
''C. difficile'' produces toxins, [[TcdA]] and [[TcdB]], which cause inflammation and damage to the intestinal lining. These toxins disrupt the cytoskeleton of the intestinal epithelial cells, leading to cell death and the formation of pseudomembranes.

== Diagnosis ==
Diagnosis of CDI is typically confirmed by:
* [[Stool tests]] for ''C. difficile'' toxins
* [[Polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) tests for toxin genes
* [[Enzyme immunoassay]] (EIA) for toxins A and B
* [[Glutamate dehydrogenase]] (GDH) antigen test

== Treatment ==
Treatment of CDI involves:
* Discontinuation of the inciting antibiotic
* Administration of specific antibiotics such as [[metronidazole]], [[vancomycin]], or [[fidaxomicin]]
* In severe cases, [[fecal microbiota transplantation]] (FMT) may be considered

== Prevention ==
Preventive measures include:
* Judicious use of antibiotics
* Proper hand hygiene with soap and water
* Use of [[contact precautions]] in healthcare settings
* Environmental cleaning and disinfection with agents effective against ''C. difficile'' spores

== Epidemiology ==
CDI is a significant cause of [[healthcare-associated infections]] (HAIs). It is more common in older adults and individuals with weakened immune systems. The incidence of CDI has been increasing, partly due to the emergence of hypervirulent strains such as the [[BI/NAP1/027 strain]].

== See also ==
* [[Antibiotic-associated diarrhea]]
* [[Pseudomembranous colitis]]
* [[Fecal microbiota transplantation]]
* [[Healthcare-associated infections]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Clostridioides difficile infection}}

[[Category:Infectious diseases]]
[[Category:Gram-positive bacterial infections]]
[[Category:Healthcare-associated infections]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Antibiotic-associated diarrhea]]

{{Infectious disease}}
{{medicine-stub}}

Clostridioides difficile infection - Revision history

Prab: CSV import

Prab: CSV import