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← Older revision		Revision as of 01:52, 5 April 2025
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	[[File:Citrulline.png\|Citrulline\|thumb]] '''Citrullinemia''' is a rare [[genetic disorder]] that results from an [[enzyme]] deficiency, leading to an accumulation of [[citrulline]] and other toxic substances in the [[blood]] and [[urine]]. This condition is part of a group of disorders known as [[urea cycle disorders]], which affect the body's ability to remove [[ammonia]] from the bloodstream. Ammonia is a toxic byproduct of [[protein]] metabolism that, in healthy individuals, is converted into urea and excreted in the urine. Citrullinemia is inherited in an [[autosomal recessive]] manner, meaning that an individual must inherit two copies of the defective gene, one from each parent, to be affected.		{{SI}}
			{{Infobox medical condition
			\| name = Citrullinemia
			\| image = [[File:Citrulline.png\|alt=Citrulline structure]]
			\| caption = Structure of [[citrulline]]
			\| synonyms = Argininosuccinate synthetase deficiency
			\| pronounce =
			\| specialty = [[Medical genetics]]
			\| symptoms = [[Lethargy]], [[poor feeding]], [[vomiting]], [[seizures]], [[coma]]
			\| onset = [[Neonatal]] or later in life
			\| duration = Lifelong
			\| types = Type I, Type II
			\| causes = [[Genetic mutation]] in the [[ASS1]] or [[SLC25A13]] genes
			\| risks = Family history of the condition
			\| diagnosis = [[Blood test]], [[ammonia]] levels, [[genetic testing]]
			\| differential = [[Urea cycle disorder]], [[hyperammonemia]]
			\| prevention = Genetic counseling
			\| treatment = [[Dietary management]], [[ammonia scavengers]], [[liver transplant]]
			\| medication = [[Sodium phenylbutyrate]], [[arginine]]
			\| prognosis = Variable, depends on type and treatment
			\| frequency = Rare
			}}
			[[File:Citrulline.png\|Citrulline\|left\|thumb]] '''Citrullinemia''' is a rare [[genetic disorder]] that results from an [[enzyme]] deficiency, leading to an accumulation of [[citrulline]] and other toxic substances in the [[blood]] and [[urine]]. This condition is part of a group of disorders known as [[urea cycle disorders]], which affect the body's ability to remove [[ammonia]] from the bloodstream. Ammonia is a toxic byproduct of [[protein]] metabolism that, in healthy individuals, is converted into urea and excreted in the urine. Citrullinemia is inherited in an [[autosomal recessive]] manner, meaning that an individual must inherit two copies of the defective gene, one from each parent, to be affected.
	==Types of Citrullinemia==		==Types of Citrullinemia==
	Citrullinemia is classified into two main types, each caused by mutations in different genes:		Citrullinemia is classified into two main types, each caused by mutations in different genes:

	===Type I Citrullinemia===		===Type I Citrullinemia===
	Type I Citrullinemia, also known as Classic Citrullinemia or Citrullinemia Type I (CTLN1), is caused by mutations in the [[ASS1 gene]], which encodes the enzyme argininosuccinate synthetase. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the urea cycle. The deficiency leads to a buildup of ammonia and citrulline in the blood, causing various symptoms. It is the more severe form of the disease and typically presents in the newborn period or early infancy.		Type I Citrullinemia, also known as Classic Citrullinemia or Citrullinemia Type I (CTLN1), is caused by mutations in the [[ASS1 gene]], which encodes the enzyme argininosuccinate synthetase. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the urea cycle. The deficiency leads to a buildup of ammonia and citrulline in the blood, causing various symptoms. It is the more severe form of the disease and typically presents in the newborn period or early infancy.

	===Type II Citrullinemia===		===Type II Citrullinemia===
	Type II Citrullinemia, or Citrullinemia Type II (CTLN2), is caused by mutations in the [[SLC25A13 gene]], which encodes the mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier. This form of the disease is also known as Adult-onset Citrullinemia and is characterized by the onset of symptoms later in life, often in adulthood. CTLN2 is associated with a different set of symptoms and has a somewhat different treatment approach compared to CTLN1.		Type II Citrullinemia, or Citrullinemia Type II (CTLN2), is caused by mutations in the [[SLC25A13 gene]], which encodes the mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier. This form of the disease is also known as Adult-onset Citrullinemia and is characterized by the onset of symptoms later in life, often in adulthood. CTLN2 is associated with a different set of symptoms and has a somewhat different treatment approach compared to CTLN1.

	==Symptoms==		==Symptoms==
	The symptoms of Citrullinemia vary depending on the type but may include:		The symptoms of Citrullinemia vary depending on the type but may include:
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	* Intellectual disability		* Intellectual disability
	* Hepatic encephalopathy in severe cases		* Hepatic encephalopathy in severe cases

	Type II Citrullinemia may also present with symptoms related to chronic liver disease, such as jaundice, confusion, and memory loss.		Type II Citrullinemia may also present with symptoms related to chronic liver disease, such as jaundice, confusion, and memory loss.

	==Diagnosis==		==Diagnosis==
	Diagnosis of Citrullinemia involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and genetic testing. Elevated levels of citrulline in the blood and urine, along with high ammonia levels, can suggest the diagnosis. Genetic testing can confirm the specific type of Citrullinemia by identifying mutations in the ASS1 or SLC25A13 genes.		Diagnosis of Citrullinemia involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and genetic testing. Elevated levels of citrulline in the blood and urine, along with high ammonia levels, can suggest the diagnosis. Genetic testing can confirm the specific type of Citrullinemia by identifying mutations in the ASS1 or SLC25A13 genes.

	==Treatment==		==Treatment==
	Treatment for Citrullinemia aims to manage symptoms and prevent the buildup of ammonia in the blood. Dietary management to restrict protein intake is often necessary, along with the use of medications that help to remove ammonia from the body. In some cases, especially for Type I Citrullinemia, liver transplantation may be considered as a treatment option.		Treatment for Citrullinemia aims to manage symptoms and prevent the buildup of ammonia in the blood. Dietary management to restrict protein intake is often necessary, along with the use of medications that help to remove ammonia from the body. In some cases, especially for Type I Citrullinemia, liver transplantation may be considered as a treatment option.

	==Prognosis==		==Prognosis==
	The prognosis for individuals with Citrullinemia varies. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many individuals can lead relatively normal lives. However, the condition can be life-threatening, especially if not properly managed or if treatment is delayed.		The prognosis for individuals with Citrullinemia varies. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many individuals can lead relatively normal lives. However, the condition can be life-threatening, especially if not properly managed or if treatment is delayed.

	[[Category:Genetic disorders]]		[[Category:Genetic disorders]]
	[[Category:Metabolic disorders]]		[[Category:Metabolic disorders]]
	[[Category:Rare diseases]]		[[Category:Rare diseases]]
	{{medicine-stub}}		{{medicine-stub}}

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[[File:Citrulline.png|Citrulline|thumb]] '''Citrullinemia''' is a rare [[genetic disorder]] that results from an [[enzyme]] deficiency, leading to an accumulation of [[citrulline]] and other toxic substances in the [[blood]] and [[urine]]. This condition is part of a group of disorders known as [[urea cycle disorders]], which affect the body's ability to remove [[ammonia]] from the bloodstream. Ammonia is a toxic byproduct of [[protein]] metabolism that, in healthy individuals, is converted into urea and excreted in the urine. Citrullinemia is inherited in an [[autosomal recessive]] manner, meaning that an individual must inherit two copies of the defective gene, one from each parent, to be affected.

==Types of Citrullinemia==
Citrullinemia is classified into two main types, each caused by mutations in different genes:

===Type I Citrullinemia===
Type I Citrullinemia, also known as Classic Citrullinemia or Citrullinemia Type I (CTLN1), is caused by mutations in the [[ASS1 gene]], which encodes the enzyme argininosuccinate synthetase. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the urea cycle. The deficiency leads to a buildup of ammonia and citrulline in the blood, causing various symptoms. It is the more severe form of the disease and typically presents in the newborn period or early infancy.

===Type II Citrullinemia===
Type II Citrullinemia, or Citrullinemia Type II (CTLN2), is caused by mutations in the [[SLC25A13 gene]], which encodes the mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier. This form of the disease is also known as Adult-onset Citrullinemia and is characterized by the onset of symptoms later in life, often in adulthood. CTLN2 is associated with a different set of symptoms and has a somewhat different treatment approach compared to CTLN1.

==Symptoms==
The symptoms of Citrullinemia vary depending on the type but may include:
* Poor feeding
* Vomiting
* Lethargy
* Seizures
* Hypotonia (reduced muscle tone)
* Intellectual disability
* Hepatic encephalopathy in severe cases

Type II Citrullinemia may also present with symptoms related to chronic liver disease, such as jaundice, confusion, and memory loss.

==Diagnosis==
Diagnosis of Citrullinemia involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and genetic testing. Elevated levels of citrulline in the blood and urine, along with high ammonia levels, can suggest the diagnosis. Genetic testing can confirm the specific type of Citrullinemia by identifying mutations in the ASS1 or SLC25A13 genes.

==Treatment==
Treatment for Citrullinemia aims to manage symptoms and prevent the buildup of ammonia in the blood. Dietary management to restrict protein intake is often necessary, along with the use of medications that help to remove ammonia from the body. In some cases, especially for Type I Citrullinemia, liver transplantation may be considered as a treatment option.

==Prognosis==
The prognosis for individuals with Citrullinemia varies. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many individuals can lead relatively normal lives. However, the condition can be life-threatening, especially if not properly managed or if treatment is delayed.

[[Category:Genetic disorders]]
[[Category:Metabolic disorders]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
{{medicine-stub}}

Citrullinemia - Revision history

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