Chrysene - Revision history

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	~~'''Chrysene''' is a~~ polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ~~(PAH) with the molecular formula C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>12</sub>, consisting of four fused benzene rings. It is a natural constituent of~~ coal tar~~, from which it was first isolated and identified. Chrysene is also found in small amounts in crude oil~~ and is a byproduct of combustion processes. Due to its structure, chrysene is considered a member of the group of compounds known as PAHs, which are significant in environmental science, toxicology, and chemistry due to their implications for human health and their widespread presence in the environment.		{{Short description\|A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in coal tar and tobacco smoke}}

	==Properties ~~and Occurrence~~==		'''Chrysene''' is a [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]] (PAH) with the chemical formula C__H__. It is composed of four fused [[benzene]] rings, resulting in a flat, planar structure. Chrysene is a colorless solid that is found in coal tar, tobacco smoke, and as a byproduct of incomplete combustion of organic matter.
	Chrysene is a ~~colorless,~~ crystalline solid at room temperature. It has a melting point of ~~254°C~~ and a boiling point of ~~448°C~~. ~~Chrysene~~ is insoluble in water but is soluble in organic solvents such as ~~ethanol~~, benzene, and ~~diethyl ether~~. ~~In the environment, chrysene~~ is found in ~~complex mixtures with other PAHs~~, ~~especially~~ in ~~areas impacted by industrial activities or~~ incomplete combustion of organic ~~matter~~.
			==Structure and Properties==
			Chrysene is a crystalline solid at room temperature. It has a melting point of approximately 254 °C and a boiling point of 448 °C. The compound is relatively insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as [[benzene]], [[toluene]], and [[chloroform]].

			[[File:Chrysene.png\|thumb\|right\|Chemical structure of chrysene]]

			The structure of chrysene consists of four fused benzene rings, which gives it a planar and aromatic character. This structure is responsible for its stability and its ability to participate in [[π-π stacking]] interactions.

			==Sources and Occurrence==
			Chrysene is primarily found in [[coal tar]], a byproduct of the coal carbonization process. It is also present in [[tobacco smoke]], [[automobile exhaust]], and [[grilled meat]]. The compound is formed during the incomplete combustion of organic materials, such as fossil fuels and biomass.

	==Health Effects==		==Health Effects==
	~~Exposure~~ to ~~chrysene has been associated with various adverse health effects~~, ~~primarily due~~ to ~~its potential~~ as a carcinogen~~. The~~ International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) ~~has classified chrysene as a Group 3 carcinogen~~, ~~which means~~ it is ~~not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity~~ to humans, although experimental evidence suggests it has carcinogenic potential. Chrysene can be metabolized in the body to form chrysene-1,2-dihydrodiol-3,4-epoxide, which can bind to DNA and potentially lead to mutations and cancer.		Chrysene is considered a potential [[carcinogen]]. It is metabolized in the body to form reactive intermediates that can bind to [[DNA]], potentially causing mutations and contributing to the development of cancer. The compound is classified as a Group 2B carcinogen by the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] (IARC), indicating it is possibly carcinogenic to humans.

	==Environmental Impact==		==Environmental Impact==
	Chrysene is ~~of concern~~ in ~~environmental studies due to its persistence~~ and ~~bioaccumulation potential~~. It can be transported long distances in the atmosphere ~~before being deposited, leading to widespread distribution. Once in~~ the ~~soil or water~~, ~~chrysene can adhere strongly~~ to particles, making it less available for degradation and increasing its persistence in the environment. Its presence in aquatic environments can be toxic to aquatic organisms, affecting their growth, reproduction, and ~~survival~~.		Chrysene, like other PAHs, is persistent in the environment and can accumulate in [[soil]] and [[sediment]]. It can be transported over long distances through the atmosphere and can enter the food chain, posing risks to [[wildlife]] and [[human health]].

	==Regulation ~~and Remediation~~==		==Safety and Regulation==
	Due to ~~the~~ potential health risks ~~and environmental impact of~~ chrysene ~~and other PAHs, various regulatory agencies~~ have established ~~guidelines and limits for their presence~~ in ~~air~~, ~~water, and soil. Remediation of chrysene-contaminated sites typically involves techniques~~ such as ~~bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to degrade PAHs, or physicochemical methods like soil washing~~ and ~~thermal desorption~~.		Due to its potential health risks, chrysene is subject to regulation in many countries. Occupational exposure limits have been established to protect workers in industries where chrysene exposure is likely, such as [[coal tar]] processing and [[aluminum production]].

	==~~See Also~~==		==Related Compounds==
			Chrysene is part of a larger group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which include compounds such as [[benzo[a]pyrene]], [[naphthalene]], and [[anthracene]]. These compounds share similar structures and properties, and many are also considered environmental pollutants and potential carcinogens.

			==Related Pages==
	* [[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]]		* [[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]]
	* [[Carcinogen]]		* [[Carcinogen]]
	* [[Coal tar]]		* [[Coal tar]]
	* [[~~Environmental toxicology~~]]		* [[Tobacco smoke]]

	~~==References==~~
	~~<references/>~~

	[[Category:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]]		[[Category:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]]
	[[Category:Carcinogens]]		[[Category:Carcinogens]]
			[[Category:Environmental pollutants]]
	~~{{Chem-stub}}~~
	~~<gallery>~~
	~~File~~:~~Chrysene Chryzen.svg\|Chrysene Chryzen~~
	~~File:Chrysene_molecule_ball.png\|Chrysene molecule ball~~
	~~</gallery>~~

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2025-02-17T02:03:41Z

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	{{Chem-stub}}		{{Chem-stub}}
			<gallery>
			File:Chrysene Chryzen.svg\|Chrysene Chryzen
			File:Chrysene_molecule_ball.png\|Chrysene molecule ball
			</gallery>

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2024-03-22T09:23:09Z

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'''Chrysene''' is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with the molecular formula C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>12</sub>, consisting of four fused benzene rings. It is a natural constituent of coal tar, from which it was first isolated and identified. Chrysene is also found in small amounts in crude oil and is a byproduct of combustion processes. Due to its structure, chrysene is considered a member of the group of compounds known as PAHs, which are significant in environmental science, toxicology, and chemistry due to their implications for human health and their widespread presence in the environment.

==Properties and Occurrence==
Chrysene is a colorless, crystalline solid at room temperature. It has a melting point of 254°C and a boiling point of 448°C. Chrysene is insoluble in water but is soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, benzene, and diethyl ether. In the environment, chrysene is found in complex mixtures with other PAHs, especially in areas impacted by industrial activities or incomplete combustion of organic matter.

==Health Effects==
Exposure to chrysene has been associated with various adverse health effects, primarily due to its potential as a carcinogen. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified chrysene as a Group 3 carcinogen, which means it is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans, although experimental evidence suggests it has carcinogenic potential. Chrysene can be metabolized in the body to form chrysene-1,2-dihydrodiol-3,4-epoxide, which can bind to DNA and potentially lead to mutations and cancer.

==Environmental Impact==
Chrysene is of concern in environmental studies due to its persistence and bioaccumulation potential. It can be transported long distances in the atmosphere before being deposited, leading to widespread distribution. Once in the soil or water, chrysene can adhere strongly to particles, making it less available for degradation and increasing its persistence in the environment. Its presence in aquatic environments can be toxic to aquatic organisms, affecting their growth, reproduction, and survival.

==Regulation and Remediation==
Due to the potential health risks and environmental impact of chrysene and other PAHs, various regulatory agencies have established guidelines and limits for their presence in air, water, and soil. Remediation of chrysene-contaminated sites typically involves techniques such as bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to degrade PAHs, or physicochemical methods like soil washing and thermal desorption.

==See Also==
* [[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]]
* [[Carcinogen]]
* [[Coal tar]]
* [[Environmental toxicology]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]]
[[Category:Carcinogens]]

{{Chem-stub}}