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[[File:L-Ascorbic_acid.svg|L-Ascorbic acid|thumb]]

[[Ascorbic acid]], commonly known as [[vitamin C]], is a vital nutrient for humans and certain other animal species. It is a water-soluble vitamin and a potent [[antioxidant]]. Ascorbic acid is involved in various biochemical processes and is essential for the synthesis of [[collagen]], the absorption of [[iron]], and the maintenance of the [[immune system]].

=== Structure ===
Ascorbic acid is a six-carbon compound related to [[glucose]]. It is a [[lactone]] that forms a five-membered ring structure. The chemical formula of ascorbic acid is C₆H₈O₆. The molecule contains multiple hydroxyl groups, which contribute to its solubility in water and its antioxidant properties.

=== Synthesis ===
In most plants and animals, ascorbic acid is synthesized from [[glucose]] via the [[uronic acid pathway]]. However, humans, along with some other species such as guinea pigs and certain primates, lack the enzyme [[L-gulonolactone oxidase]] required for this synthesis, making dietary intake essential.

=== Biochemical Role ===
Ascorbic acid acts as a cofactor in several enzymatic reactions. It is crucial for the hydroxylation of [[proline]] and [[lysine]] residues in [[collagen]] synthesis, which is necessary for the stability and strength of connective tissues. It also plays a role in the synthesis of [[neurotransmitters]] such as [[norepinephrine]] and [[serotonin]].

=== Antioxidant Properties ===
Ascorbic acid is a powerful [[antioxidant]] that protects cells from damage by [[reactive oxygen species]] (ROS). It donates electrons to neutralize free radicals, thereby preventing oxidative stress and cellular damage. This property is particularly important in protecting [[DNA]], [[proteins]], and [[lipids]] from oxidative damage.

=== Dietary Sources ===
Ascorbic acid is abundant in many fruits and vegetables. Common sources include [[citrus fruits]], [[strawberries]], [[kiwi]], [[bell peppers]], [[broccoli]], and [[spinach]]. The recommended daily intake varies by age, sex, and physiological status, such as pregnancy or lactation.

=== Deficiency ===
A deficiency in ascorbic acid leads to [[scurvy]], a disease characterized by symptoms such as [[anemia]], [[gum disease]], and [[skin hemorrhages]]. Scurvy results from impaired collagen synthesis, leading to weakened connective tissues.

=== Related Compounds ===
Ascorbic acid is closely related to its oxidized form, [[dehydroascorbic acid]], which can be reduced back to ascorbic acid in the body. Both forms are biologically active and contribute to the vitamin's overall antioxidant capacity.

== See Also ==
* [[Vitamin C]]
* [[Antioxidant]]
* [[Collagen]]
* [[Scurvy]]
* [[L-gulonolactone oxidase]]
* [[Reactive oxygen species]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External Links ==
{{Commons category|Ascorbic acid}}

[[Category:Vitamins]]
[[Category:Antioxidants]]
[[Category:Organic compounds]]
[[Category:Nutrition]]
[[Category:Biochemistry]]

{{medicine-stub}}

Chemistry of ascorbic acid - Revision history

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