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			== Cell_surface_receptor ==
			<gallery>
			File:PDB_1hzx_7TM_Sketch_Membrane.png\|Sketch of a 7-transmembrane receptor in the membrane
			File:transmembrane_receptor.svg\|Diagram of a transmembrane receptor
			File:The_External_Reactions_and_the_Internal_Reactions.jpg\|The external and internal reactions of a cell surface receptor
			File:Three_conformation_states_of_acetylcholine_receptor.jpg\|Three conformation states of acetylcholine receptor
			File:Structure_of_IGF-1R.jpg\|Structure of IGF-1 receptor
			File:Flow_charts_of_two_strategies_of_structure_based_drug_design.jpg\|Flow charts of two strategies of structure-based drug design
			</gallery>

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'''Cell surface receptors''' (also known as '''membrane receptors''', '''transmembrane receptors''', or '''cellular receptors''') are proteins that are located on the cell membrane and serve as a communication link between the cell and the external environment. They play a crucial role in the body's communication system and are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including cell signaling, immune responses, and the regulation of cell growth and differentiation.

== Structure ==

Cell surface receptors are typically composed of three parts: an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain. The [[extracellular domain]] is the part of the receptor that interacts with external signals or ligands. The [[transmembrane domain]] anchors the receptor in the cell membrane, and the [[intracellular domain]] transmits the signal inside the cell.

== Function ==

The primary function of cell surface receptors is to detect signals from the external environment and transmit them into the cell. This process, known as [[signal transduction]], involves a series of biochemical reactions that lead to a cellular response. The type of response depends on the specific receptor and the signal it receives. For example, some receptors trigger a change in cell metabolism, while others initiate cell division or apoptosis (programmed cell death).

== Types of Cell Surface Receptors ==

There are several types of cell surface receptors, including [[G protein-coupled receptors]] (GPCRs), [[receptor tyrosine kinases]] (RTKs), and [[ion channel-linked receptors]]. Each type has a unique structure and function, and they all play a critical role in cell signaling.

=== G Protein-Coupled Receptors ===

GPCRs are the largest and most diverse group of membrane receptors in eukaryotes. They respond to a wide range of signals, including hormones, neurotransmitters, and light. When a ligand binds to a GPCR, it activates a G protein, which then triggers a series of events inside the cell.

=== Receptor Tyrosine Kinases ===

RTKs are high-affinity cell surface receptors for many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and hormones. When a ligand binds to an RTK, it triggers the receptor's kinase activity, leading to the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues and the activation of various intracellular signaling pathways.

=== Ion Channel-Linked Receptors ===

Ion channel-linked receptors, also known as ligand-gated ion channels, open an ion channel upon binding of a ligand. This allows ions to flow across the cell membrane, changing the cell's electrical potential and triggering a cellular response.

== Clinical Significance ==

Cell surface receptors are targets for many drugs, as they can be manipulated to alter cell signaling and treat various diseases. For example, GPCRs are the target of approximately 40% of all modern medicinal drugs. Additionally, mutations in receptor genes can lead to diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease.

[[Category:Cell biology]]
[[Category:Membrane biology]]
[[Category:Signal transduction]]
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Cell surface receptor - Revision history

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