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	~~'''~~Cell proliferation''' refers to the process that results in an increase of the number of [[cells]], and is defined by the balance between [[cell divisions]] and [[cell loss]] through cell death or differentiation. Cell proliferation is the key mechanism that replenishes cells in the body, allowing for growth and repair.		{{DISPLAYTITLE:Cell Proliferation}}

	== ~~Mechanism~~ ==		== Overview ==
	Cell proliferation ~~involves both~~ the ~~creation of new~~ cells ~~through [[cell division]]~~ and ~~the elimination of existing~~ cells ~~through [[apoptosis]] or programmed cell death~~. ~~The balance between these two processes~~ is regulated by a ~~complex network~~ of [[cell signaling~~\|signaling~~ pathways]]~~, which respond to a variety of internal and external stimuli~~.		[[File:Cell_proliferation.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Cell proliferation in tissue culture.]]
			'''Cell proliferation''' refers to the process by which cells grow and divide to produce more cells. It is a fundamental biological process that is essential for growth, development, and tissue repair in multicellular organisms. Cell proliferation is tightly regulated by a variety of [[cell signaling]] pathways and is crucial for maintaining [[homeostasis]] in the body.

	=== Cell ~~Division =~~==		== Mechanisms of Cell Proliferation ==
	Cell ~~division is the process by which~~ a ~~parent~~ cell ~~divides into two or more daughter cells. It is a crucial process in cell proliferation~~. ~~There are two types~~ of ~~cell division:~~ [[~~mitosis~~]] and [[meiosis]]. Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Meiosis, on the other hand, results in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.		Cell proliferation involves a series of events that lead to cell division. The main phases of the [[cell cycle]] include:

	=== ~~Apoptosis~~ ===		=== Interphase ===
	~~Apoptosis~~ is ~~a form of programmed~~ cell ~~death that occurs in multicellular organisms~~. It ~~is a crucial process in maintaining the balance~~ of cell proliferation. Cells that are damaged, infected, or no longer needed are eliminated through apoptosis, preventing them from proliferating uncontrollably and potentially causing harm to the organism.		Interphase is the phase where the cell prepares for division. It consists of three stages:

	~~== Regulation ==~~		* '''G1 phase''': The cell grows and synthesizes proteins necessary for DNA replication.
	The ~~regulation of~~ cell ~~proliferation involves a complex network of signaling pathways~~. ~~These pathways respond to a variety of internal and external stimuli~~, ~~including growth factors, hormones, and environmental stresses. Key regulators~~ of cell ~~proliferation include the [[~~cell ~~cycle]], [[growth factors]], and [[oncogenes]]~~ and ~~[[tumor suppressor genes]]~~.		* '''S phase''': DNA replication occurs, resulting in the duplication of the cell's genetic material.
			* '''G2 phase''': The cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis.

	=== ~~Cell Cycle~~ ===		=== Mitosis ===
	~~The~~ [[~~cell cycle~~]] is the ~~series of events that take place~~ in ~~a cell leading to its division and duplication. It is a crucial regulator of cell proliferation~~. ~~The cell cycle~~ is divided into ~~four distinct phases~~: ~~G1, S, G2, and M. The G1, S, and G2 phases are collectively known as interphase, during which the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. The M phase, or mitosis, is when the cell divides.~~		Mitosis is the process of nuclear division, followed by [[cytokinesis]], which divides the cytoplasm, resulting in two daughter cells. Mitosis is divided into several stages:

	~~=== Growth Factors ===~~		* '''Prophase''': Chromosomes condense and become visible. The nuclear envelope begins to disintegrate.
	~~[[Growth factors]] are proteins that stimulate~~ cell ~~proliferation~~. ~~They bind~~ to ~~specific receptors on~~ the cell ~~surface~~, ~~triggering a cascade of signaling events that ultimately lead to cell division~~.		* '''Metaphase''': Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane.
			* '''Anaphase''': Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
			* '''Telophase''': Nuclear envelopes reform around the separated chromatids, now called chromosomes.

	==~~= Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes =~~==		== Regulation of Cell Proliferation ==
	[[~~Oncogenes~~]] and [[~~tumor suppressor genes~~]] are key regulators of cell proliferation. Oncogenes promote cell proliferation, while tumor suppressor genes inhibit it. Mutations in these genes can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation, which is a hallmark of cancer.		Cell proliferation is regulated by a complex network of [[growth factors]], [[hormones]], and [[cytokines]]. Key regulatory proteins include:

	== ~~Clinical Significance~~ ==		* '''Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)''': These proteins control the progression of cells through the cell cycle.
	~~Abnormal cell~~ proliferation is ~~a hallmark~~ of ~~many~~ diseases~~, including~~ cancer, ~~autoimmune diseases, and certain types of heart disease~~. Understanding the mechanisms ~~that regulate~~ cell proliferation is ~~therefore crucial~~ for ~~the development of new treatments~~ for ~~these diseases~~.		* '''Tumor suppressor genes''': Such as [[p53]] and [[RB1]], which can halt cell cycle progression in response to DNA damage.
			* '''Oncogenes''': Mutated forms of genes that can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation.

			== Importance in Health and Disease ==
			Cell proliferation is crucial for normal development and maintenance of tissues. However, dysregulated cell proliferation can lead to diseases such as [[cancer]], where cells divide uncontrollably. Understanding the mechanisms of cell proliferation is essential for developing therapies for cancer and other proliferative disorders.

			== Related Pages ==
			* [[Cell cycle]]
			* [[Mitosis]]
			* [[Cancer]]
			* [[Apoptosis]]
			* [[Stem cell]]

	[[Category:Cell biology]]		[[Category:Cell biology]]
	[[Category:~~Cellular~~ processes]]		[[Category:Biological processes]]
	~~{{cell-biology-stub}}~~

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'''Cell proliferation''' refers to the process that results in an increase of the number of [[cells]], and is defined by the balance between [[cell divisions]] and [[cell loss]] through cell death or differentiation. Cell proliferation is the key mechanism that replenishes cells in the body, allowing for growth and repair.

== Mechanism ==
Cell proliferation involves both the creation of new cells through [[cell division]] and the elimination of existing cells through [[apoptosis]] or programmed cell death. The balance between these two processes is regulated by a complex network of [[cell signaling|signaling pathways]], which respond to a variety of internal and external stimuli.

=== Cell Division ===
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. It is a crucial process in cell proliferation. There are two types of cell division: [[mitosis]] and [[meiosis]]. Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Meiosis, on the other hand, results in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

=== Apoptosis ===
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. It is a crucial process in maintaining the balance of cell proliferation. Cells that are damaged, infected, or no longer needed are eliminated through apoptosis, preventing them from proliferating uncontrollably and potentially causing harm to the organism.

== Regulation ==
The regulation of cell proliferation involves a complex network of signaling pathways. These pathways respond to a variety of internal and external stimuli, including growth factors, hormones, and environmental stresses. Key regulators of cell proliferation include the [[cell cycle]], [[growth factors]], and [[oncogenes]] and [[tumor suppressor genes]].

=== Cell Cycle ===
The [[cell cycle]] is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication. It is a crucial regulator of cell proliferation. The cell cycle is divided into four distinct phases: G1, S, G2, and M. The G1, S, and G2 phases are collectively known as interphase, during which the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. The M phase, or mitosis, is when the cell divides.

=== Growth Factors ===
[[Growth factors]] are proteins that stimulate cell proliferation. They bind to specific receptors on the cell surface, triggering a cascade of signaling events that ultimately lead to cell division.

=== Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes ===
[[Oncogenes]] and [[tumor suppressor genes]] are key regulators of cell proliferation. Oncogenes promote cell proliferation, while tumor suppressor genes inhibit it. Mutations in these genes can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation, which is a hallmark of cancer.

== Clinical Significance ==
Abnormal cell proliferation is a hallmark of many diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and certain types of heart disease. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate cell proliferation is therefore crucial for the development of new treatments for these diseases.

[[Category:Cell biology]]
[[Category:Cellular processes]]
{{cell-biology-stub}}

Cell proliferation - Revision history

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