Prab: Removed redirect to Cell adhesion molecules

2025-03-04T23:29:11Z

Removed redirect to Cell adhesion molecules

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:29, 4 March 2025
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	~~#REDIRECT~~ [[Cell adhesion molecules]]		'''Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)''' are a class of [[cell surface protein]]s that mediate the binding of cells to other cells or to the [[extracellular matrix]] (ECM) through a process known as '''cell adhesion'''. These molecules are essential for maintaining [[tissue]] structure and function, enabling communication between cells, and supporting critical biological processes such as [[growth]], [[differentiation]], [[contact inhibition]], and [[apoptosis]]. CAMs also play a role in [[mechanotransduction]], ensuring the ability of organs to function properly by generating force and movement.

			Beyond their structural roles, CAMs are involved in cellular signaling and immune responses. Abnormal expression of CAMs has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including [[cancer]], [[autoimmune disorders]], and [[neurological diseases]].

			== Structure ==
			Most CAMs are single-pass [[transmembrane receptor]]s composed of three primary domains:
			* '''Intracellular domain''' – Interacts with the [[cytoskeleton]] and intracellular signaling pathways.
			* '''Transmembrane domain''' – Anchors the molecule within the [[plasma membrane]].
			* '''Extracellular domain''' – Facilitates binding with other CAMs or ECM components.

			CAMs can engage in two types of binding interactions:
			* '''Homophilic binding''' – CAMs bind to identical CAMs on adjacent cells.
			* '''Heterophilic binding''' – CAMs bind to different CAM types on adjacent cells.

			== Functions ==
			Cell adhesion molecules serve multiple critical functions:
			* '''Tissue integrity and structural organization''' – CAMs contribute to the maintenance of [[epithelial]], [[connective]], [[muscle]], and [[nervous tissue]].
			* '''Cell signaling''' – They regulate intracellular pathways affecting cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival.
			* '''Cell migration''' – CAMs facilitate movement during [[embryogenesis]], [[wound healing]], and [[immune responses]].
			* '''Immune system regulation''' – CAMs mediate interactions between [[leukocytes]], [[endothelial cells]], and [[antigen-presenting cells]].
			* '''Pathogenesis of diseases''' – Dysregulation of CAM expression is linked to [[cancer metastasis]], [[neurodegenerative disorders]], and [[autoimmune diseases]].

			== Families of CAMs ==
			CAMs are classified into several superfamilies based on their structural properties and binding mechanisms:

			=== Immunoglobulin Superfamily Cell Adhesion Molecules (IgCAMs) ===
			* These are '''calcium-independent''' adhesion molecules that contain one or more [[immunoglobulin-like domain]]s.
			* They mediate '''cell-cell adhesion''' in the nervous system, immune system, and epithelial tissues.
			* Examples: [[NCAM (Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule)]], [[ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1)]], [[VCAM-1 (Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1)]].

			=== Cadherins ===
			* '''Calcium-dependent''' adhesion molecules that mediate '''cell-cell adhesion'''.
			* They play a critical role in maintaining tissue integrity, embryonic development, and cell differentiation.
			* Examples: [[E-cadherin]], [[N-cadherin]], [[P-cadherin]].

			=== Integrins ===
			* Transmembrane receptors that mediate '''cell-ECM interactions''' as well as some '''cell-cell interactions'''.
			* Integrins consist of '''α and β subunits''' that form heterodimers.
			* They regulate cell migration, survival, and signaling.
			* Examples: [[α5β1 integrin]], [[αvβ3 integrin]].

			=== Selectins ===
			* '''Calcium-dependent''' adhesion molecules that mediate '''cell-cell interactions''', particularly in the [[vascular system]] and '''immune response'''.
			* They are primarily expressed on '''endothelial cells''', '''leukocytes''', and '''platelets'''.
			* Examples: [[L-selectin]], [[E-selectin]], [[P-selectin]].

			=== C-Type Lectin-Like Domain Proteins (CTLDs) ===
			* These CAMs contain '''C-type lectin domains''' that mediate '''cell-cell adhesion'''.
			* They play roles in '''immune system function''' and '''pathogen recognition'''.
			* Examples: [[Dectin-1]], [[DC-SIGN]].

			=== Proteoglycans ===
			* Though not traditionally classified as CAMs, proteoglycans interact with other CAMs and ECM components.
			* Examples: [[Syndecans]], [[Glypicans]].

			== Classification Based on Calcium Dependence ==
			CAMs can also be categorized based on their dependence on calcium ions (Ca²⁺):
			* '''Calcium-independent CAMs:''' [[IgCAMs]]
			* '''Calcium-dependent CAMs:''' [[Cadherins]], [[Integrins]], [[Selectins]]

			== Clinical Significance ==
			Abnormal expression or dysfunction of CAMs is associated with multiple diseases:
			* '''Cancer''' – Altered CAM expression can promote [[tumor progression]], [[angiogenesis]], and [[metastasis]].
			* '''Autoimmune diseases''' – CAM dysregulation contributes to conditions like [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[multiple sclerosis]], and [[inflammatory bowel disease]].
			* '''Neurological disorders''' – Defects in CAM function are linked to [[Alzheimer’s disease]], [[autism spectrum disorders]], and [[schizophrenia]].
			* '''Infectious diseases''' – CAMs facilitate [[pathogen adhesion]] in bacterial and viral infections.

			== Related pages ==
			* [[Extracellular matrix]]
			* [[Cell signaling]]
			* [[Cytoskeleton]]
			* [[Integrin signaling]]
			* [[Cancer metastasis]]
			* [[Tissue engineering]]

			* [[Cell membrane]]
			* [[Cell migration]]
			* [[Immunological synapse]]
			* [[Trogocytosis]]
			{{Cell adhesion molecules}}

			[[Category:Cell adhesion molecules]]
			[[Category:Single-pass transmembrane proteins]]

			{{stub}}
			[[Category:Cell adhesion molecules]]
			[[Category:Cell signaling]]
			[[Category:Immunology]]
			[[Category:Structural proteins]]
			[[Category:Membrane proteins]]

Prab: Redirected page to Cell adhesion molecules

2020-10-20T00:23:03Z

Redirected page to Cell adhesion molecules

New page

#REDIRECT [[Cell adhesion molecules]]

Cell adhesion molecule - Revision history

Prab: Removed redirect to Cell adhesion molecules

Prab: Redirected page to Cell adhesion molecules