Kondreddy Naveen at 21:18, 4 April 2024

2024-04-04T21:18:13Z

New page

== '''What is Cefazolin?''' ==

* Cefazolin ('''Ancef; Kefzol''') is '''a cephalosporin antibacterial''' is used to treat certain infections caused by bacteria including skin, bone, joint, genital, blood, heart valve, [[respiratory tract]] (including [[pneumonia]]), [[biliary tract]], and [[urinary tract infections]].
* It is also may be used before, during, and sometimes for a brief period after surgery in order to prevent the patient from getting an infection.

[[File:Cefazolin.svg|thumb|Cefazolin]]

== '''What are the uses of this medicine?''' ==

Cefazolin ('''Ancef; Kefzol''') is used for:
Treatment of the following infections caused by susceptible isolates of the designated microorganisms in adult and pediatric patients:
* [[Respiratory tract infections]]
* [[Urinary tract infections]]
* Skin and skin structure infections
* [[Biliary tract infection|Biliary tract infections]]
* Bone and joint infections
* Genital infections
* [[Septicemia]]
* [[Endocarditis]]
* [[Perioperative]] [[prophylaxis]] in adults for whom appropriate dosing with this formulation can be achieved

== '''How does this medicine work?''' ==

<youtube>
title='''{{PAGENAME}}'''
movie_url=http://www.youtube.com/v=1sKbbdcAyL0
embed_source_url=http://www.youtube.com/v=1sKbbdcAyL0
&rel=1
wrap = yes
width=750
height=600
</youtube>

* Cefazolin is an [[antibacterial]] drug.
* Cefazolin is '''a bactericidal agent''' that '''acts by inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis'''.

Cefazolin has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following microorganisms:
'''Gram-Positive Bacteria:'''
* [[Staphylococcus aureus]]
* [[Staphylococcus epidermidis]]
* [[Streptococcus agalactiae]]
* [[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]
* [[Streptococcus pyogenes]]
* [[Methicillin]]-resistant [[staphylococci]] are uniformly resistant to cefazolin.

'''Gram-Negative Bacteria:'''
* [[Escherichia coli]]
* [[Proteus mirabilis]]

== '''Who Should Not Use this medicine ?''' ==

This medicine cannot be used in patients who:
* have a history of immediate [[hypersensitivity]] reactions (e.g., [[anaphylaxis]], serious skin reactions) to cefazolin or the cephalosporin class of antibacterial drugs, penicillins, or other [[Beta-lactam|beta-lactams]].

== '''What drug interactions can this medicine cause?''' ==

* Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.

Be sure to mention any of the following:
* [[probenecid]] (Probalan)

== '''Is this medicine FDA approved?''' ==

* Cefazolin was patented in 1967 and came into commercial use in 1971.

== '''How should this medicine be used?''' ==

'''Recommended dosage:'''

'''Recommended Dosing Schedule in Adult Patients:'''

{| class="wikitable"
|+Recommended Dosing Schedule in Adult Patients with CLcr Greater Than or Equal To 55 mL/min*.
|-
!Site and Type of Infection !! Dose !! Frequency
|-
| Moderate to severe infections || 500 mg to 1 gram || every 6 to 8 hours
|-
| Mild infections caused by susceptible gram-positive cocci || 250 mg to 500 mg || every 8 hours
|-
| Acute, uncomplicated urinary tract infections || 1 gram || every 12 hours
|-
| Pneumococcal pneumonia || 500 mg || every 12 hours
|-
|Severe, life-threatening infections (e.g., endocarditis, septicemia) || 1 gram to 1.5 grams || every 6 hours
|}

'''Recommended Dosage in Pediatric Patients:'''

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Recommended Dosage in Pediatric Patients with CLcr 70 mL/min or greater for Treatment of Infections
|-
! Type of Severity !! Recommended Total Daily Dosage
|-
| Mild to moderate infections || 25 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg, divided into 3 or 4 equal doses
|-
|Severe infections || May increase to 100 mg/kg, divided into 3 or 4 equal doses
|}

'''Recommended Dosage for Perioperative Prophylaxis in Adults:'''
* 500 mg to 1 g every 6 hours to 8 hours.

Dose administered ½ hour to 1 hour prior to the start of surgery:
* 1 g to 2 g

'''Administration:'''
* Cefazolin injection comes as a powder to be mixed with liquid, or as a premixed product, to be injected intravenously over a period of 30 minutes.
* Cefazolin injection can also be given [[intramuscularly]].
* It is usually given every 6, 8, or 12 hours.
* The length of your treatment depends on the type of infection you have and how your body responds to the medication.
* You may receive cefazolin injection in a hospital or you may administer the medication at home.
* If you will be receiving cefazolin injection at home, your healthcare provider will show you how to use the medication.
* Use cefazolin injection until you finish the prescription, even if you feel better.
* If you stop using cefazolin injection too soon or skip doses, your infection may not be completely treated and the bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.

== '''What are the dosage forms and brand names of this medicine?''' ==

This medicine is available in fallowing doasage form:
* '''As Injection:''' 1 gram cefazolin per 50 mL or 2 gram cefazolin per 100 mL

This medicine is available in fallowing brand namesː
* '''Ancef; Kefzol'''

=='''What side effects can this medication cause?'''==

The most common side effects of this medicine include:
* '''Gastrointestinal:''' Diarrhea, oral [[candidiasis]] (oral thrush), [[mouth ulcers]], vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps, epigastric pain, heartburn, [[flatus]], [[anorexia]] and [[pseudomembranous colitis]].
* '''Allergic:''' [[Anaphylaxis]], [[eosinophilia]], [[urticaria]], itching, drug fever, skin rash, [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]].
* '''Hematologic:''' [[Neutropenia]], [[leukopenia]], [[thrombocytopenia]], [[thrombocythemia]].
* '''Hepatic:''' Transient rise in SGOT, SGPT, and alkaline phosphatase levels has been observed. Reports of [[hepatitis]] have been received.
* '''Renal:''' Reports of increased BUN and [[creatinine]] levels, as well as renal failure, have been received.
* '''Local Reactions:''' Instances of [[phlebitis]] have been reported at site of injection. Some induration has occurred.
* '''Other Reactions:''' [[Pruritus]] (including genital, vulvar and anal pruritus, genital [[moniliasis]], and [[vaginitis]]). Dizziness, fainting, lightheadedness, confusion, weakness, tiredness, [[hypotension]], [[somnolence]] and headache.

Less common but serious side effects, may include:
* [[Hypersensitivity]] reactions
* [[Seizures]] in Patients with Renal Impairment
* [[Clostridioides difficile infection|Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea]]

==''' What special precautions should I follow?''' ==

* Serious and occasionally fatal [[hypersensitivity]] (anaphylactic) reactions have been reported in patients receiving beta-lactam antibacterial drugs. If an allergic reaction to cefazolin injection occurs, discontinue the drug.
* [[Seizures]] may occur with the administration of cefazolin injection, particularly in patients with renal impairment when the dosage is not reduced appropriately. Discontinue cefazolin injection if seizures occur or make appropriate dosage adjustments in patients with renal impairment.
* [[Clostridioides difficile infection|Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea]] (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including cefazolin, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal [[colitis]]. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.
* If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibacterial drug use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibacterial drug treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.
* Hypersensitivity reactions, including [[anaphylaxis]], have been reported with administration of dextrose- containing products.
* Prescribing cefazolin injection in the absence of proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a [[prophylactic]] indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
* The administration of cefazolin may result in a false-positive reaction with glucose in the urine when using glucose tests based on [[Benedict's reagent|Benedict’s copper]] reduction reaction that determine the amount of reducing substances like glucose in the urine.
* Positive direct [[Coombs Test|Coombs' tests]] have been reported during treatment with cefazolin.
* As with other [[dextrose]]-containing solutions, cefazolin injection should be prescribed with caution in patients with overt or known subclinical [[diabetes mellitus]] or carbohydrate intolerance for any reason.
* Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs, including cefazolin injection should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold).
* There are no data on the effects of cefazolin on the breastfed child or on milk production.

== '''What to do in case of emergency/overdose?''' ==

Symptoms of overdosage may include:
* [[seizures]] may occur in patients with renal impairment

Management of overdosage:
* {{overdose}}
* If seizures associated with accidental overdosage occur, discontinue cefazolin injection and give supportive treatment.

== '''Can this medicine be used in pregnancy?''' ==

* Cephalosporin use, including cefazolin, in pregnant women have not established a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes.
* Cefazolin crosses the placenta.

=='''Can this medicine be used in children?'''==

* Cefazolin injection is indicated for the treatment of respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, skin and skin structure infections, biliary tract infections, bone and joint infections, genital infections, septicemia, and endocarditis in pediatric patients.
* Safety and effectiveness of cefazolin injection in premature infants and neonates have not been established and is not recommended for use in this age group of pediatric patients.

== '''What are the active and inactive ingredients in this medicine?''' ==

'''Active ingredients:'''
* cefazolin sodium

'''Inactive ingredients:'''
* anhydrous dextrose
* sodium bicarbonate
* water
* hydrochloric acid
* sodium hydroxide

== '''Who manufactures and distributes this medicine?''' ==

'''Manufactured by:'''
* [[Baxter Healthcare Corporation]],
* Deerfield, IL USA
* Made in USA

== '''What should I know about storage and disposal of this medication?''' ==

* Store at or below -20°C (-4°F). Thaw at room temperature 20-25°C (68 - 77°F)
* or under refrigeration 2-8°C (36 - 46°F).
* Product should not be thawed by immersion in water baths or by microwave irradiation.
* Do not force thaw.
* Thawed solution is stable for 30 days under refrigeration or 48 hours at room temperature.
* Do not force thaw by immersion in water baths or by microwave irradiation.
* Do not refreeze.

{{coststubd}}
{{CephalosporinAntiBiotics}}

{{portal bar|Medicine}}

[[Category:Cephalosporin antibiotics]]
[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
[[Category:Tetrazoles]]
[[Category:Thiadiazoles]]

Cefazolin - Revision history

Kondreddy Naveen at 21:18, 4 April 2024