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	'''Caspase-9''' is ~~an enzyme that~~ in ~~humans is encoded by~~ the ~~CASP9 gene~~. It is an ~~initiator caspase~~, ~~as opposed to~~ the ~~effector caspases 3, 6~~, and 7. Caspase-9 is ~~involved~~ in the [[apoptosis]] ~~pathway~~, ~~a cellular process~~ leading to ~~self-destruction~~ of ~~the cell~~.		== Caspase-9 ==

			[[File:Signal_transduction_pathways.svg\|thumb\|right\|Signal transduction pathways involving caspase-9]]

			'''Caspase-9''' is a crucial [[cysteine-aspartic protease]] involved in the [[apoptosis]] pathway, specifically in the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway. It plays a significant role in the regulation of [[programmed cell death]], which is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and development.

			== Structure ==

			Caspase-9 is synthesized as an inactive [[zymogen]] known as procaspase-9. It consists of a prodomain, a large subunit, and a small subunit. Upon activation, the prodomain is cleaved, and the large and small subunits form the active enzyme.

			== Activation ==

			Caspase-9 is activated in response to [[mitochondrial]] signals. The release of [[cytochrome c]] from the mitochondria into the cytosol is a key event in this process. Cytochrome c binds to [[Apaf-1]] (apoptotic protease activating factor 1) in the presence of [[ATP]], forming the [[apoptosome]].

			=== Apoptosome Formation ===

			The apoptosome is a multi-protein complex that recruits and activates procaspase-9. The formation of the apoptosome is a critical step in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Once activated, caspase-9 cleaves and activates downstream effector caspases, such as [[caspase-3]] and [[caspase-7]], leading to the execution phase of apoptosis.

	== Function ==		== Function ==

	Caspase-9 ~~belongs to~~ the ~~[[caspase]] family~~ of ~~proteins, which play a vital role in apoptosis~~. ~~The protein is synthesized~~ as an ~~inactive precursor~~, which ~~undergoes processing by self-proteolysis or by other proteins~~ in the ~~caspase family~~, to ~~produce an active enzyme~~.		Caspase-9 is primarily involved in the initiation phase of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. It acts as an initiator caspase, which means it is responsible for the activation of effector caspases. This activation cascade results in the systematic dismantling of cellular components, ultimately leading to cell death.

	Caspase-9 is involved in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis and is activated by a variety of signals including cell stress and developmental cues. Once activated, it cleaves and activates downstream effector caspases leading to apoptosis.		== Regulation ==

	~~== Clinical significance ==~~		The activity of caspase-9 is tightly regulated by several mechanisms:

	~~Mutations in~~ the ~~CASP9 gene are associated with [[cancer]]~~ and [[~~autoimmune diseases~~]]~~. The protein is a potential target for cancer therapy~~, as its ~~activation leads to cell death~~.		* '''Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs):''' These proteins can bind to and inhibit caspase-9 activity.
			* '''Smac/DIABLO:''' This protein is released from the mitochondria and can neutralize IAPs, promoting caspase-9 activity.
			* '''Phosphorylation:''' Caspase-9 can be phosphorylated by kinases such as [[Akt]], which inhibits its activity.

	== ~~See also~~ ==		== Clinical Significance ==
	* [[Caspase]]
	* [[Apoptosis]]
	* [[Cancer]]
	* [[Autoimmune diseases]]

	~~== References ==~~		Dysregulation of caspase-9 activity is implicated in various diseases. Overactive caspase-9 can lead to excessive cell death, contributing to [[neurodegenerative diseases]] such as [[Alzheimer's disease]] and [[Parkinson's disease]]. Conversely, insufficient caspase-9 activity can result in the survival of damaged cells, potentially leading to [[cancer]].
	~~<references />~~

	== ~~External links~~ ==		== Related Pages ==
	* [~~https://www.wikimd.com/wiki/Caspase-9 WikiMD article on~~ Caspase-9]
			* [[Apoptosis]]
			* [[Caspase]]
			* [[Mitochondria]]
			* [[Cytochrome c]]
			* [[Apaf-1]]

	~~[[Category:Enzymes]]~~
	[[Category:Apoptosis]]		[[Category:Apoptosis]]
	[[Category:~~Cancer~~]]		[[Category:Proteases]]
	[[Category:~~Autoimmune diseases~~]]		[[Category:Signal transduction]]

	~~{{stub}}~~

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2024-02-20T06:26:52Z

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'''Caspase-9''' is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CASP9 gene. It is an initiator caspase, as opposed to the effector caspases 3, 6, and 7. Caspase-9 is involved in the [[apoptosis]] pathway, a cellular process leading to self-destruction of the cell.

== Function ==

Caspase-9 belongs to the [[caspase]] family of proteins, which play a vital role in apoptosis. The protein is synthesized as an inactive precursor, which undergoes processing by self-proteolysis or by other proteins in the caspase family, to produce an active enzyme.

Caspase-9 is involved in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis and is activated by a variety of signals including cell stress and developmental cues. Once activated, it cleaves and activates downstream effector caspases leading to apoptosis.

== Clinical significance ==

Mutations in the CASP9 gene are associated with [[cancer]] and [[autoimmune diseases]]. The protein is a potential target for cancer therapy, as its activation leads to cell death.

== See also ==
* [[Caspase]]
* [[Apoptosis]]
* [[Cancer]]
* [[Autoimmune diseases]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.wikimd.com/wiki/Caspase-9 WikiMD article on Caspase-9]

[[Category:Enzymes]]
[[Category:Apoptosis]]
[[Category:Cancer]]
[[Category:Autoimmune diseases]]

{{stub}}

Caspase-9 - Revision history

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Prab: CSV import