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2025-02-18T11:11:27Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 11:11, 18 February 2025
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	[[Category:Physiology]]		[[Category:Physiology]]
	{{Cardiology-stub}}		{{Cardiology-stub}}
			== Cardiac_output ==
			<gallery>
			File:2031_Factors_in_Cardiac_Output.jpg\|Factors in Cardiac Output
			File:Vascular_function_curve.png\|Vascular Function Curve
			File:VTI_LVOT.png\|VTI LVOT
			File:TEE-Sonde.png\|TEE Sonde
			File:2036_Summary_of_Factors_in_Cardiac_Output.jpg\|Summary of Factors in Cardiac Output
			File:Spirometry_NIH.jpg\|Spirometry NIH
			File:Pulmonary_artery_catheter_english.JPG\|Pulmonary Artery Catheter
			</gallery>

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2024-03-03T16:37:30Z

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'''Cardiac Output''' is the volume of blood that is ejected by the [[heart]] from the left ventricle into the [[aorta]] or from the right ventricle into the [[pulmonary artery]] in one minute. It is a key indicator of the heart's function and health.

==Definition==
Cardiac output is typically measured in liters per minute (L/min). It is calculated by multiplying the [[stroke volume]] (the amount of blood ejected by the heart in one heartbeat) by the [[heart rate]] (the number of heartbeats per minute). The formula is as follows:

:'''Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate'''

==Factors Affecting Cardiac Output==
Several factors can affect cardiac output, including:

* '''[[Preload]]''': The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (just before contraction). An increase in preload can increase stroke volume and thus cardiac output.
* '''[[Afterload]]''': The resistance that the heart must overcome to eject blood. An increase in afterload can decrease stroke volume and thus cardiac output.
* '''[[Contractility]]''': The strength of the heart's contraction. An increase in contractility can increase stroke volume and thus cardiac output.
* '''[[Heart rate]]''': The number of heartbeats per minute. An increase in heart rate can increase cardiac output.

==Clinical Significance==
Cardiac output is a crucial measure in the diagnosis and management of many cardiovascular diseases, including [[heart failure]], [[hypertension]], and [[shock]]. A low cardiac output can indicate heart failure, while a high cardiac output can indicate conditions such as [[thyrotoxicosis]] or [[anemia]].

==Measurement==
Cardiac output can be measured using several methods, including:

* '''[[Echocardiography]]''': This non-invasive method uses ultrasound to measure the volume of blood ejected by the heart in each beat, and the heart rate.
* '''[[Cardiac catheterization]]''': This invasive method involves inserting a catheter into the heart to measure pressures and flows, which can be used to calculate cardiac output.
* '''[[Pulse contour analysis]]''': This method uses a sensor to measure the shape of the arterial pulse wave, which can be used to estimate cardiac output.

==See Also==
* [[Stroke volume]]
* [[Heart rate]]
* [[Ejection fraction]]
* [[Cardiac index]]

[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Physiology]]
{{Cardiology-stub}}

Cardiac output - Revision history

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Prab: CSV import