Cane toad - Revision history

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	~~{{Short description\|An article about the cane toad, its biology, impact, and management}}~~		= Cane Toad =

	~~==Cane Toad==~~		[[File:Canetoadmale.jpg\|thumb\|right\|A male cane toad]]
	~~The~~ [[cane toad]] (''Rhinella marina''), also known as the giant neotropical toad or marine toad, is a large, terrestrial [[amphibian]] native to Central and South America. It has been introduced to various regions around the world, often with significant ecological consequences.

	[[~~File:Cane toad.jpg\|thumb\|right\|A cane toad in its natural habitat~~]]		The '''cane toad''' (''Rhinella marina''), also known as the '''giant neotropical toad''' or '''marine toad''', is a large, terrestrial [[amphibian]] native to Central and South America. It has been introduced to various regions, including Australia, where it is considered an invasive species.

	==~~Biology~~==		== Description ==
	Cane toads are robust amphibians with a dry, warty skin. They can grow up to 15 cm (6 inches) in length, with females generally larger than males. Their coloration varies from olive-brown to reddish-brown, with a lighter underbelly. Cane toads possess large parotoid glands behind their eyes, which secrete a potent toxin known as bufotoxin.

	~~===Reproduction===~~		[[File:Canetoadfemale.jpg\|thumb\|left\|A female cane toad]]
	Cane toads are prolific breeders. Females can lay thousands of eggs in a single clutch, which are deposited in long strings in water bodies. The eggs hatch into tadpoles within a few days, and metamorphosis into juvenile toads occurs in about 4 to 8 weeks, depending on environmental conditions.

	~~===Diet===~~		Cane toads are characterized by their robust bodies and dry, warty skin. They can grow up to 15 cm (6 inches) in length, with females generally larger than males. The skin color varies from olive-brown to reddish-brown, with a lighter underbelly.
	Cane toads are ~~opportunistic feeders with a diet that includes insects~~, ~~small mammals~~, ~~birds, and other amphibians~~. ~~They are known for their voracious appetite and ability~~ to ~~consume~~ a ~~wide variety of prey~~.

	==Distribution ~~and Habitat~~==		== Habitat and Distribution ==
	Originally native to Central and South America, cane toads have been introduced to many regions, including the Caribbean, Australia, and parts of the Pacific. They thrive in a variety of habitats, from rainforests to urban areas, often near water sources.

	[[File:~~Cane toad distribution~~.~~png~~\|thumb\|~~left~~\|~~Global distribution of the cane~~ toad]]		[[File:Cane_toad_(Rhinella_marina)_Taveuni.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Cane toad in Taveuni]]

	~~==Ecological Impact==~~		Cane toads are highly adaptable and can thrive in a variety of environments, including forests, grasslands, and urban areas. They are native to Central and South America but have been introduced to other regions such as Australia, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Islands.
	~~The introduction~~ of ~~cane toads to non-native~~ environments ~~has often led to ecological disruption. In Australia~~, ~~for example~~, ~~they were introduced in 1935~~ to ~~control agricultural pests~~ but have ~~since become a major invasive species. Cane toads compete with native species for resources~~ and ~~their toxic secretions can be lethal to predators not adapted to their presence~~.

	==~~Management and Control~~==		== Reproduction ==
	Efforts to control cane toad populations include physical removal, habitat modification, and research into biological control methods. Public awareness campaigns and community involvement are also crucial in managing their spread.

	~~==Cultural Significance==~~		[[File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_1842_Cane_Toad_Spawn.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Cane toad spawn]]
	In some cultures, cane toads are considered pests, while in others, they are used in traditional medicine or as a source of food. Their presence in popular media and scientific research continues to spark interest and debate.

	==Related Pages==		Cane toads reproduce in large numbers, with females laying thousands of eggs in water bodies. The eggs hatch into tadpoles, which undergo metamorphosis into juvenile toads. This rapid reproduction contributes to their success as an invasive species.

			== Diet ==

			Cane toads are opportunistic feeders, consuming a wide range of prey including insects, small mammals, and other amphibians. Their diet and voracious appetite allow them to outcompete native species for resources.

			== Impact as an Invasive Species ==

			[[File:Kookaburra_with_Cane_Toad_-_AndrewMercer_-_DSC00046.jpg\|thumb\|right\|A kookaburra with a cane toad]]

			In regions where they have been introduced, cane toads have had significant ecological impacts. They are toxic to many predators, leading to declines in native species that attempt to eat them. Their presence also disrupts local ecosystems by competing with native fauna for food and habitat.

			== Defense Mechanisms ==

			Cane toads possess parotoid glands that secrete a potent toxin, which deters predators. This toxin can be lethal to many animals, including domestic pets and native wildlife.

			== Conservation and Management ==

			Efforts to control cane toad populations include physical removal, habitat modification, and research into biological control methods. Public awareness campaigns also aim to reduce the spread of this invasive species.

			== Related Pages ==
	* [[Invasive species]]		* [[Invasive species]]
	* [[Amphibian]]		* [[Amphibian]]
	* [[~~Bufotoxin]]~~		* [[Ecosystem]]
	* [[Ecological impact of invasive species]]

	[[Category:Amphibians]]		[[Category:Amphibians of Central America]]
	[[Category:~~Invasive species~~]]		[[Category:Amphibians of South America]]
	[[Category:~~Toads~~]]		[[Category:Invasive species in Australia]]

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	{{~~Taxobox~~		{{Short description\|An article about the cane toad, its biology, impact, and management}}
	\| ~~name = Cane Toad~~
	~~\| image = CaneToad.jpg~~
	~~\| image_caption = A Cane Toad in~~ its ~~natural habitat~~
	~~\| status = LC~~
	~~\| status_system = IUCN3.1~~
	~~\| status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN\|id=54796\|title=Rhinella marina\|year=2021}}</ref>~~
	~~\| regnum = [[Animalia]]~~
	~~\| phylum = [[Chordata]]~~
	~~\| classis = [[Amphibia]]~~
	~~\| ordo = [[Anura]]~~
	~~\| familia = [[Bufonidae]]~~
	~~\| genus = ''[[Rhinella]]''~~
	~~\| species = '''''R. marina'''''~~
	~~\| binomial = ''Rhinella marina''~~
	~~\| binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus\|Linnaeus]]~~, ~~1758)~~
	}}

	~~The '''~~Cane Toad~~'''~~ (''Rhinella marina''), also known as the ~~'''Giant Neotropical Toad'''~~ or ~~'''Marine Toad'''~~, is a large, terrestrial ~~true toad~~ native to Central and South America. It has been introduced to various regions, ~~including Australia, where it is considered an invasive species~~.		==Cane Toad==
			The [[cane toad]] (''Rhinella marina''), also known as the giant neotropical toad or marine toad, is a large, terrestrial [[amphibian]] native to Central and South America. It has been introduced to various regions around the world, often with significant ecological consequences.

	~~==Description==~~		[[File:Cane toad.jpg\|thumb\|right\|A cane toad in its natural habitat]]
	Cane ~~toads are robust amphibians with a dry, warty skin~~. ~~They can grow up to 15 cm (6 inches)~~ in length, with females generally larger than males. Their coloration varies from grey to olive-brown, with a lighter underbelly. Cane toads have large parotoid glands behind their eyes, which secrete a potent toxin.

	==~~Habitat and Distribution~~==		==Biology==
	Cane toads are ~~highly adaptable and can thrive in~~ a ~~variety of environments, including forests, grasslands~~, ~~and urban areas~~. They ~~are native~~ to ~~Central and South America but have been introduced~~ to ~~other regions such as the Caribbean~~, ~~the Philippines~~, ~~and Australia~~.		Cane toads are robust amphibians with a dry, warty skin. They can grow up to 15 cm (6 inches) in length, with females generally larger than males. Their coloration varies from olive-brown to reddish-brown, with a lighter underbelly. Cane toads possess large parotoid glands behind their eyes, which secrete a potent toxin known as bufotoxin.

	==~~Ecological Impact~~==		===Reproduction===
	~~In regions where they have been introduced, cane~~ toads ~~have had significant ecological impacts~~. ~~In Australia~~, ~~they were introduced~~ in ~~1935 to control agricultural pests but have since become~~ a ~~major pest themselves. They compete with native species for food~~ and ~~habitat and their toxins can be lethal~~ to ~~predators that attempt to eat them~~.		Cane toads are prolific breeders. Females can lay thousands of eggs in a single clutch, which are deposited in long strings in water bodies. The eggs hatch into tadpoles within a few days, and metamorphosis into juvenile toads occurs in about 4 to 8 weeks, depending on environmental conditions.

	==~~Toxicity~~==		===Diet===
	Cane toads ~~produce~~ a ~~toxin called bufotoxin~~, ~~which is secreted from their parotoid glands. This toxin can cause serious harm or death to animals that ingest it. The toxin affects the heart and can cause convulsions~~, ~~paralysis~~, and ~~death~~.		Cane toads are opportunistic feeders with a diet that includes insects, small mammals, birds, and other amphibians. They are known for their voracious appetite and ability to consume a wide variety of prey.

	==~~Reproduction~~==		==Distribution and Habitat==
	~~Cane~~ toads ~~breed~~ in a variety of ~~water bodies~~, from ~~ponds~~ to ~~ditches. Females lay thousands of eggs in long strings~~, ~~which hatch into tadpoles within a few days. The tadpoles undergo metamorphosis into juvenile toads over several weeks~~.		Originally native to Central and South America, cane toads have been introduced to many regions, including the Caribbean, Australia, and parts of the Pacific. They thrive in a variety of habitats, from rainforests to urban areas, often near water sources.

	~~==Control and Management==~~		[[File:Cane toad distribution.png\|thumb\|left\|Global distribution of the cane toad]]
	~~Efforts to control cane~~ toad ~~populations include physical removal, habitat modification, and research into biological control methods~~. ~~Public awareness campaigns also aim to reduce~~ the ~~spread of~~ cane ~~toads by educating people about their impact and how to manage them.~~

	==~~Also see~~==		==Ecological Impact==
	* [[Invasive species]]		The introduction of cane toads to non-native environments has often led to ecological disruption. In Australia, for example, they were introduced in 1935 to control agricultural pests but have since become a major invasive species. Cane toads compete with native species for resources and their toxic secretions can be lethal to predators not adapted to their presence.
	* [[Bufonidae]]
	* [[Amphibian conservation]]		==Management and Control==
	* [[Toxin]]		Efforts to control cane toad populations include physical removal, habitat modification, and research into biological control methods. Public awareness campaigns and community involvement are also crucial in managing their spread.

	==~~References~~==		==Cultural Significance==
	~~<references />~~		In some cultures, cane toads are considered pests, while in others, they are used in traditional medicine or as a source of food. Their presence in popular media and scientific research continues to spark interest and debate.

	~~{{Amphibians}}~~		==Related Pages==
	{{Invasive species}}		* [[Invasive species]]
			* [[Amphibian]]
			* [[Bufotoxin]]
			* [[Ecological impact of invasive species]]

	[[Category:~~Bufonidae~~]]		[[Category:Amphibians]]
	[[Category:Invasive species]]		[[Category:Invasive species]]
	[[Category:~~Amphibians of Central America~~]]		[[Category:Toads]]
	~~[[Category:Amphibians of South America]]~~
	~~<gallery>~~
	~~File:Cane_toad_(Rhinella_marina)_Taveuni.jpg\|Cane toad in Taveuni~~
	~~File:Cane-toad.jpg\|Cane toad~~
	~~File:Young_Bufo_marinus.jpg\|Young Bufo marinus~~
	~~File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_1842_Cane_Toad_Spawn.jpg\|Cane toad spawn~~
	~~File:Bufo_marinus01e.jpg\|Bufo marinus~~
	~~File:Kookaburra_with_Cane_Toad_-_AndrewMercer_-_DSC00046.jpg\|Kookaburra with Cane Toad~~
	~~File:Bufo_marinus_(Philippines).jpg\|Bufo marinus in the Philippines~~
	~~File:Cane_Toad_Products.jpg\|Cane Toad Products~~
	~~</gallery>~~
	~~<gallery>~~
	~~File:Canetoadmale.jpg\|Cane toad~~
	~~File:Canetoadfemale.jpg\|Cane toad~~
	~~File:Cane_toad_(Rhinella_marina)_Taveuni.jpg\|Cane toad~~
	~~File:Cane-toad.jpg\|Cane toad~~
	~~File:Young_Bufo_marinus.jpg\|Cane toad~~
	~~File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_1842_Cane_Toad_Spawn.jpg\|Cane toad~~
	~~File:Bufo_marinus01e.jpg\|Cane toad~~
	~~File:Kookaburra_with_Cane_Toad_-_AndrewMercer_-_DSC00046.jpg\|Cane toad~~
	~~File:Bufo_marinus_(Philippines).jpg\|Cane toad~~
	~~File:Cane_Toad_Products.jpg\|Cane toad~~
	~~</gallery>~~

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 File:Bufo_marinus_(Philippines).jpg|Bufo marinus in the Philippines
 File:Cane_Toad_Products.jpg|Cane Toad Products
 </gallery>

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	[[Category:Amphibians of Central America]]		[[Category:Amphibians of Central America]]
	[[Category:Amphibians of South America]]		[[Category:Amphibians of South America]]
			<gallery>
			File:Cane_toad_(Rhinella_marina)_Taveuni.jpg\|Cane toad in Taveuni
			File:Cane-toad.jpg\|Cane toad
			File:Young_Bufo_marinus.jpg\|Young Bufo marinus
			File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_1842_Cane_Toad_Spawn.jpg\|Cane toad spawn
			File:Bufo_marinus01e.jpg\|Bufo marinus
			File:Kookaburra_with_Cane_Toad_-_AndrewMercer_-_DSC00046.jpg\|Kookaburra with Cane Toad
			File:Bufo_marinus_(Philippines).jpg\|Bufo marinus in the Philippines
			File:Cane_Toad_Products.jpg\|Cane Toad Products
			</gallery>

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New page

{{Taxobox
| name = Cane Toad
| image = CaneToad.jpg
| image_caption = A Cane Toad in its natural habitat
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN|id=54796|title=Rhinella marina|year=2021}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Amphibia]]
| ordo = [[Anura]]
| familia = [[Bufonidae]]
| genus = ''[[Rhinella]]''
| species = '''''R. marina'''''
| binomial = ''Rhinella marina''
| binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)
}}

The '''Cane Toad''' (''Rhinella marina''), also known as the '''Giant Neotropical Toad''' or '''Marine Toad''', is a large, terrestrial true toad native to Central and South America. It has been introduced to various regions, including Australia, where it is considered an invasive species.

==Description==
Cane toads are robust amphibians with a dry, warty skin. They can grow up to 15 cm (6 inches) in length, with females generally larger than males. Their coloration varies from grey to olive-brown, with a lighter underbelly. Cane toads have large parotoid glands behind their eyes, which secrete a potent toxin.

==Habitat and Distribution==
Cane toads are highly adaptable and can thrive in a variety of environments, including forests, grasslands, and urban areas. They are native to Central and South America but have been introduced to other regions such as the Caribbean, the Philippines, and Australia.

==Ecological Impact==
In regions where they have been introduced, cane toads have had significant ecological impacts. In Australia, they were introduced in 1935 to control agricultural pests but have since become a major pest themselves. They compete with native species for food and habitat and their toxins can be lethal to predators that attempt to eat them.

==Toxicity==
Cane toads produce a toxin called bufotoxin, which is secreted from their parotoid glands. This toxin can cause serious harm or death to animals that ingest it. The toxin affects the heart and can cause convulsions, paralysis, and death.

==Reproduction==
Cane toads breed in a variety of water bodies, from ponds to ditches. Females lay thousands of eggs in long strings, which hatch into tadpoles within a few days. The tadpoles undergo metamorphosis into juvenile toads over several weeks.

==Control and Management==
Efforts to control cane toad populations include physical removal, habitat modification, and research into biological control methods. Public awareness campaigns also aim to reduce the spread of cane toads by educating people about their impact and how to manage them.

==Also see==
* [[Invasive species]]
* [[Bufonidae]]
* [[Amphibian conservation]]
* [[Toxin]]

==References==
<references />

{{Amphibians}}
{{Invasive species}}

[[Category:Bufonidae]]
[[Category:Invasive species]]
[[Category:Amphibians of Central America]]
[[Category:Amphibians of South America]]