Caliciviridae - Revision history

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	{{Short description\|~~A family~~ of viruses ~~that includes important pathogens of humans and animals~~}}		{{Short description\|Family of viruses}}
	{{Taxobox		{{Taxobox
	\| name = Caliciviridae		\| name = Caliciviridae
	\| virus_group = iv		\| virus_group = iv
			\| ordo = Picornavirales
	\| familia = Caliciviridae		\| familia = Caliciviridae
	~~\| subdivision_ranks = Genera~~
	~~\| subdivision =~~
	* [[Norovirus]]
	* [[Sapovirus]]
	* [[Vesivirus]]
	* [[Lagovirus]]
	* [[Nebovirus]]
	}}		}}

	The '''Caliciviridae''' is a family of viruses that are non-enveloped, ~~positive-sense~~ single-stranded RNA ~~viruses~~. ~~This~~ family includes several genera ~~that~~ are significant ~~pathogens~~ in humans ~~and animals, causing a range of diseases from gastroenteritis to systemic infections~~.		[[File:Calicivirus.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Electron micrograph of a calicivirus]]

			The '''Caliciviridae''' is a family of [[viruses]] that infect a wide range of hosts, including humans and animals. Members of this family are known for their small, non-enveloped, icosahedral structure and single-stranded [[RNA]] genome. The family includes several genera, with notable members such as the [[Norovirus]] and [[Sapovirus]], which are significant causes of gastroenteritis in humans.

	==Structure==		==Structure==
	[[File:~~Calicivirus_structure~~.~~png~~\|thumb\|~~right\|200px~~\|Diagram of a calicivirus structure.]]		[[File:Fmicb-10-01280-g001.svg\|thumb\|left\|Diagram of the calicivirus structure]]
	Caliciviruses are small, round ~~viruses with a diameter of approximately 35~~-40 nm. ~~They have a simple icosahedral~~ capsid ~~structure~~ composed of 180 copies of a single ~~capsid~~ protein. The ~~capsid~~ displays a ~~characteristic "~~cup-shaped" depression, which is a hallmark of the family and gives the family its name (from ~~the~~ Latin "calyx" meaning cup).		Caliciviruses are characterized by their small, round, non-enveloped virions, typically 27-40 nm in diameter. The capsid is composed of 180 copies of a single protein, arranged in an icosahedral symmetry. The surface of the virion displays a distinctive cup-shaped depression, which is a hallmark of the family and gives the family its name (from Latin "calyx" meaning cup).

	==Genome==		==Genome==
	The genome of caliciviruses is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA molecule of approximately 7.4 to 8.3 kilobases in length. ~~The genome~~ is organized into three open reading frames (ORFs):		The genome of caliciviruses is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA molecule, approximately 7.4 to 8.3 kilobases in length. It is organized into three open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes a polyprotein that is processed into non-structural proteins, including the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. ORF2 encodes the major capsid protein, and ORF3 encodes a minor structural protein.
	* ORF1 encodes a polyprotein that is processed into non-structural proteins, including the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
	* ORF2 encodes the major capsid protein, ~~VP1.~~
	* ORF3 encodes a minor structural protein~~, VP2, which is involved in the assembly and stability of the virus particle~~.

	==Replication==		==Replication==
	~~Caliciviruses replicate~~ in the cytoplasm of host ~~cells~~. The virus attaches to ~~specific receptors on~~ the host cell surface and ~~enters the cell via endocytosis~~. ~~Once inside, the~~ viral RNA is released ~~and~~ translated into viral proteins. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase synthesizes a complementary negative-sense RNA strand, which serves as a template for the production of new positive-sense RNA genomes. These genomes are packaged into new virions, which are then released from the host cell to infect new cells.		Calicivirus replication occurs in the cytoplasm of the host cell. The virus attaches to the host cell surface receptors and is internalized. The viral RNA is released into the cytoplasm, where it is translated into viral proteins. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase synthesizes a complementary negative-sense RNA strand, which serves as a template for the production of new positive-sense RNA genomes. These genomes are packaged into new virions, which are then released from the host cell to infect new cells.

	==Pathogenesis==		==Pathogenesis==
	Caliciviruses are ~~responsible for~~ a ~~variety~~ of diseases in humans and animals~~. The most well-known human pathogens in this family are the [[Norovirus]] and [[Sapovirus]], which cause acute gastroenteritis~~. In ~~animals~~, ~~caliciviruses can cause diseases such as feline calicivirus infection in cats and rabbit hemorrhagic disease caused by [[Lagovirus]].~~		Caliciviruses are known to cause a range of diseases in humans and animals. In humans, noroviruses are the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis, characterized by acute onset of vomiting and diarrhea. Sapoviruses also cause gastroenteritis, primarily in children. In animals, caliciviruses can cause diseases such as feline calicivirus infection in cats and rabbit hemorrhagic disease in rabbits.

	~~===Norovirus===~~
	~~[[File:Norovirus_virions.png\|thumb\|left\|200px\|Electron micrograph of norovirus particles.]]~~
	~~Noroviruses~~ are a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis ~~worldwide~~, ~~affecting people~~ of ~~all ages. They are highly contagious~~ and ~~can spread rapidly in closed environments such as cruise ships, hospitals, and schools. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting,~~ diarrhea~~, and abdominal pain, typically lasting 24 to 48 hours~~.

	~~===Sapovirus===~~
	Sapoviruses also cause gastroenteritis, primarily in children. ~~The symptoms are similar to those caused by noroviruses but are generally milder.~~

	~~===Vesivirus===~~
	~~The Vesivirus genus includes the [[Feline~~ calicivirus~~]], which is a common pathogen~~ in ~~domestic~~ cats~~. It causes respiratory disease, oral ulcers,~~ and ~~sometimes systemic infections.~~

	~~===Lagovirus===~~
	~~Lagoviruses are known for causing~~ rabbit hemorrhagic ~~disease, a highly contagious and often fatal~~ disease in rabbits~~. This disease is characterized by fever, lethargy, and bleeding~~.

	==Epidemiology==		==Epidemiology==
	Caliciviruses are ~~distributed worldwide~~ and can ~~infect a wide range of hosts. Human caliciviruses~~, ~~particularly noroviruses~~, ~~are a major cause of foodborne illness~~. ~~They are transmitted via~~ the fecal-oral route, ~~often through~~ contaminated food or water, ~~or by direct person-~~to~~-person contact~~.		Caliciviruses are highly contagious and can spread rapidly in closed environments such as cruise ships, nursing homes, and schools. Transmission occurs primarily through the fecal-oral route, either by direct contact with an infected person or by consuming contaminated food or water. The viruses are resistant to many common disinfectants, which contributes to their ability to cause outbreaks.

	==Prevention and Control==		==Prevention and Control==
	Preventing calicivirus infections involves good hygiene practices, such as regular handwashing, ~~proper food handling,~~ and ~~sanitation~~. In ~~healthcare~~ settings, ~~isolation of infected individuals and~~ thorough cleaning of contaminated surfaces are ~~important to prevent outbreaks~~.		Preventing calicivirus infections involves good hygiene practices, such as regular handwashing, especially after using the bathroom and before eating. In outbreak settings, thorough cleaning and disinfection of contaminated surfaces are crucial. Vaccines are available for some animal caliciviruses, such as the feline calicivirus, but there are currently no vaccines for human caliciviruses.

	==Related pages==		==Related pages==
	* [[Norovirus]]		* [[Norovirus]]
	* [[~~Viral gastroenteritis~~]]		* [[Sapovirus]]
	* [[Feline calicivirus]]		* [[Feline calicivirus]]
	* [[Rabbit hemorrhagic disease]]		* [[Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus]]

			[[File:Fmicb-10-01280-g002.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Calicivirus particles under electron microscopy]]

	[[Category:Caliciviridae]]		[[Category:Caliciviridae]]
	[[Category:RNA viruses]]		[[Category:RNA viruses]]
	[[Category:Virus families]]		[[Category:Virus families]]

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-'''Caliciviridae''' is a family of [[virus|viruses]] known for causing diseases in both humans and animals. This family includes several genera, such as ''[[Norovirus]]'', ''[[Sapovirus]]'', ''[[Lagovirus]]'', ''[[Vesivirus]]'', and ''[[Nebovirus]]'', each responsible for a range of infections. Caliciviridae viruses are small, non-enveloped, and possess a single-stranded RNA genome. They are characterized by their icosahedral capsid structure and a lack of a lipid envelope, making them resistant to many common disinfectants.
+{{Short description|A family of viruses that includes important pathogens of humans and animals}}
-==Structure and Classification==
+The '''Caliciviridae''' is a family of viruses that are non-enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. This family includes several genera that are significant pathogens in humans and animals, causing a range of diseases from gastroenteritis to systemic infections.
-==Transmission and Disease==
+==Structure==
-Caliciviridae viruses are primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, either by direct contact with an infected individual or through contaminated food and water. They can also be spread through aerosolized particles from vomiting. These viruses are highly contagious, with ''Norovirus'' being able to infect individuals with as few as 10-100 viral particles. Diseases caused by Caliciviridae range from mild to severe gastroenteritis, characterized by symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. In animals, symptoms can vary significantly depending on the virus and host species but often include gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms.
+[[File:Calicivirus_structure.png|thumb|right|200px|Diagram of a calicivirus structure.]]
 ==Prevention and Control==
-Due to their high infectivity and resistance to disinfectants, controlling Caliciviridae outbreaks can be challenging. Prevention strategies focus on maintaining strict hygiene practices, including frequent handwashing with soap and water, especially after using the bathroom and before handling food. In outbreak settings, thorough cleaning and disinfection of contaminated surfaces are crucial. For ''Norovirus'', chlorine bleach-based disinfectants are recommended due to the virus's resistance to alcohol-based sanitizers. Vaccines are currently under development for some Caliciviridae viruses, but none are available as of now.
+Preventing calicivirus infections involves good hygiene practices, such as regular handwashing, proper food handling, and sanitation. In healthcare settings, isolation of infected individuals and thorough cleaning of contaminated surfaces are important to prevent outbreaks.
-==Research and Future Directions==
+==Related pages==
-Research on Caliciviridae is focused on understanding the molecular biology of these viruses, their pathogenesis, and immune responses in hosts. This knowledge is crucial for developing effective vaccines and antiviral therapies. Recent advances in molecular techniques, such as reverse genetics systems for ''Norovirus'', have opened new avenues for research and potential control strategies for these pathogens.
+* [[Norovirus]]
-[[Category:Virology]]
+[[Category:Caliciviridae]]
-[[Category:Infectious diseases]]
+[[Category:RNA viruses]]
-{{Virus-stub}}
+[[Category:Virus families]]

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			File:Calicivirus.jpg\|Caliciviridae
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	{{Virus-stub}}		{{Virus-stub}}
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'''Caliciviridae''' is a family of [[virus|viruses]] known for causing diseases in both humans and animals. This family includes several genera, such as ''[[Norovirus]]'', ''[[Sapovirus]]'', ''[[Lagovirus]]'', ''[[Vesivirus]]'', and ''[[Nebovirus]]'', each responsible for a range of infections. Caliciviridae viruses are small, non-enveloped, and possess a single-stranded RNA genome. They are characterized by their icosahedral capsid structure and a lack of a lipid envelope, making them resistant to many common disinfectants.

==Structure and Classification==
The Caliciviridae family is divided into several genera based on their genetic and antigenic properties. The most well-known member, ''Norovirus'', is notorious for causing outbreaks of gastroenteritis in humans, often in closed or semi-closed communities such as cruise ships, hospitals, and schools. ''Sapovirus'' also infects humans, leading to similar symptoms but is less commonly identified as the cause of outbreaks. ''Lagovirus'' and ''Vesivirus'' primarily affect animals, with ''Lagovirus'' being known for causing Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease. ''Nebovirus'' is a more recently identified genus with a less clear impact on human or animal health.

==Transmission and Disease==
Caliciviridae viruses are primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, either by direct contact with an infected individual or through contaminated food and water. They can also be spread through aerosolized particles from vomiting. These viruses are highly contagious, with ''Norovirus'' being able to infect individuals with as few as 10-100 viral particles. Diseases caused by Caliciviridae range from mild to severe gastroenteritis, characterized by symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. In animals, symptoms can vary significantly depending on the virus and host species but often include gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms.

==Prevention and Control==
Due to their high infectivity and resistance to disinfectants, controlling Caliciviridae outbreaks can be challenging. Prevention strategies focus on maintaining strict hygiene practices, including frequent handwashing with soap and water, especially after using the bathroom and before handling food. In outbreak settings, thorough cleaning and disinfection of contaminated surfaces are crucial. For ''Norovirus'', chlorine bleach-based disinfectants are recommended due to the virus's resistance to alcohol-based sanitizers. Vaccines are currently under development for some Caliciviridae viruses, but none are available as of now.

==Research and Future Directions==
Research on Caliciviridae is focused on understanding the molecular biology of these viruses, their pathogenesis, and immune responses in hosts. This knowledge is crucial for developing effective vaccines and antiviral therapies. Recent advances in molecular techniques, such as reverse genetics systems for ''Norovirus'', have opened new avenues for research and potential control strategies for these pathogens.

[[Category:Virology]]
[[Category:Infectious diseases]]
{{Virus-stub}}