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	~~'''~~Caco-2''' is a [[cell line]] that was originally established from a [[human]] [[colorectal carcinoma]]. It is a popular model used in [[pharmaceutical]] research for the study of [[intestinal]] [[drug absorption]], as it exhibits many of the properties of mature enterocytes, including the expression of [[microvilli]] and the ability to differentiate into a number of different cell types.		== Caco-2 Cells ==

	~~== History ==~~		[[File:CaCo-2_cells_after_21_days_in_culture.tif\|thumb\|right\|Caco-2 cells after 21 days in culture]]

	~~The~~ Caco-2 ~~cell~~ line ~~was first established~~ in ~~the late 1970s by the~~ [[~~cancer~~]] ~~researcher Jorgen Fogh, who derived it from a primary~~ [[~~colorectal cancer~~]] in a ~~72-year-old male patient. Since then, it has been widely used in~~ [[~~biomedical research~~]]~~, particularly in~~ the ~~field of~~ [[~~pharmacology~~]].		'''Caco-2 cells''' are a line of [[human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells]] that are used extensively in [[pharmaceutical research]] and [[biological research]]. These cells are derived from a [[human colon carcinoma]] and are used as a model of the [[intestinal epithelial barrier]].

	== Characteristics ==		== Characteristics ==

	Caco-2 cells are [[~~epithelial~~]] ~~in nature and exhibit many of~~ the ~~characteristics of mature~~ [[enterocytes]]~~, the cells that line~~ the [[small intestine]]. ~~They form tight junctions with each other, creating a barrier that mimics~~ the [[~~intestinal epithelium~~]]~~. They also express~~ [[~~microvilli~~]]~~, small projections on the cell surface that increase its surface area~~ and ~~enhance its ability to absorb~~ nutrients ~~and drugs~~.		Caco-2 cells are known for their ability to differentiate spontaneously into a monolayer of [[polarized cells]] that resemble the [[enterocytes]] lining the [[small intestine]]. This property makes them particularly useful for studying the [[absorption]] and [[transport]] of [[drugs]] and [[nutrients]] across the intestinal barrier.

	== ~~Use in Research~~ ==		=== Morphology ===

	Caco-2 cells are widely used in [[~~pharmaceutical~~]] ~~research as a model of the~~ [[~~human~~]] [[~~intestinal~~]] [[~~epithelium~~]]. They ~~are particularly useful for studying~~ [[~~drug absorption~~]], ~~as they can be~~ used to ~~predict~~ the ~~extent to which a~~ drug ~~will be absorbed in~~ the [[~~gastrointestinal tract~~]]. ~~They~~ are also ~~used~~ to study [[~~drug transport~~]] ~~mechanisms~~ and the ~~effects~~ of various [[~~drug interactions~~]].		When cultured under appropriate conditions, Caco-2 cells form a confluent monolayer with tight junctions, microvilli, and other features characteristic of intestinal epithelial cells. The image on the right shows Caco-2 cells after 21 days in culture, highlighting their differentiated state.

			== Applications ==

			Caco-2 cells are widely used in [[drug discovery]] and [[development]] to predict the [[oral bioavailability]] of [[pharmaceutical compounds]]. They serve as an in vitro model to assess the [[permeability]] of compounds across the intestinal epithelium.

			=== Drug Transport Studies ===

			In drug transport studies, Caco-2 cells are used to evaluate the [[efflux]] and [[influx]] of drugs, providing insights into the [[mechanisms]] of drug absorption and the role of [[transport proteins]] such as [[P-glycoprotein]].

			=== Nutrient Absorption ===

			Caco-2 cells are also employed to study the absorption of [[nutrients]] and [[dietary supplements]], helping to understand the [[bioavailability]] of various [[vitamins]], [[minerals]], and other [[nutritional compounds]].

			== Culturing Caco-2 Cells ==

			Culturing Caco-2 cells requires specific conditions to ensure proper differentiation and function. The cells are typically grown in [[Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium]] (DMEM) supplemented with [[fetal bovine serum]], [[glutamine]], and other essential nutrients.

			=== Differentiation ===

			Differentiation of Caco-2 cells into a monolayer that mimics the intestinal epithelium usually takes about 21 days. During this period, the cells develop tight junctions and microvilli, which are crucial for their function as a model of the intestinal barrier.

	== Limitations ==		== Limitations ==

	While Caco-2 cells are a valuable tool in ~~[[pharmaceutical]]~~ research, they do have ~~some~~ limitations. ~~For example, they~~ do not ~~perfectly mimic~~ the [[human]] [[~~intestinal~~]] [[~~epithelium~~]]~~, and there are some differences in drug absorption between Caco-2 cells and the human intestine~~. Additionally, ~~they are derived~~ from ~~a [[colorectal cancer]], and therefore may not accurately represent normal, healthy enterocytes~~.		While Caco-2 cells are a valuable tool in research, they have limitations. They do not fully replicate the complexity of the human intestinal epithelium, lacking certain cell types such as [[goblet cells]] and [[immune cells]]. Additionally, the expression of transporters and enzymes can differ from that in vivo.

	== ~~See Also~~ ==		== Related Pages ==

			* [[Intestinal epithelium]]
			* [[Drug absorption]]
	* [[Cell culture]]		* [[Cell culture]]
	* [[~~Drug absorption]]~~		* [[Colorectal cancer]]
	* [[Enterocytes]]
	* [[Pharmaceutical research]]

	~~== References ==~~		{{Cell culture}}
			{{Pharmacology}}
	~~<references />~~

	[[Category:Cell lines]]		[[Category:Cell lines]]
	[[Category:~~Pharmaceutical research~~]]		[[Category:Pharmacology]]
	[[Category:~~Biomedical research~~]]		[[Category:Biotechnology]]
	~~[[Category:Colorectal cancer]]~~

	~~{{pharmacology-stub}}~~

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2024-03-08T14:01:58Z

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'''Caco-2''' is a [[cell line]] that was originally established from a [[human]] [[colorectal carcinoma]]. It is a popular model used in [[pharmaceutical]] research for the study of [[intestinal]] [[drug absorption]], as it exhibits many of the properties of mature enterocytes, including the expression of [[microvilli]] and the ability to differentiate into a number of different cell types.

== History ==

The Caco-2 cell line was first established in the late 1970s by the [[cancer]] researcher Jorgen Fogh, who derived it from a primary [[colorectal cancer]] in a 72-year-old male patient. Since then, it has been widely used in [[biomedical research]], particularly in the field of [[pharmacology]].

== Characteristics ==

Caco-2 cells are [[epithelial]] in nature and exhibit many of the characteristics of mature [[enterocytes]], the cells that line the [[small intestine]]. They form tight junctions with each other, creating a barrier that mimics the [[intestinal epithelium]]. They also express [[microvilli]], small projections on the cell surface that increase its surface area and enhance its ability to absorb nutrients and drugs.

== Use in Research ==

Caco-2 cells are widely used in [[pharmaceutical]] research as a model of the [[human]] [[intestinal]] [[epithelium]]. They are particularly useful for studying [[drug absorption]], as they can be used to predict the extent to which a drug will be absorbed in the [[gastrointestinal tract]]. They are also used to study [[drug transport]] mechanisms and the effects of various [[drug interactions]].

== Limitations ==

While Caco-2 cells are a valuable tool in [[pharmaceutical]] research, they do have some limitations. For example, they do not perfectly mimic the [[human]] [[intestinal]] [[epithelium]], and there are some differences in drug absorption between Caco-2 cells and the human intestine. Additionally, they are derived from a [[colorectal cancer]], and therefore may not accurately represent normal, healthy enterocytes.

== See Also ==

* [[Cell culture]]
* [[Drug absorption]]
* [[Enterocytes]]
* [[Pharmaceutical research]]

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:Cell lines]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical research]]
[[Category:Biomedical research]]
[[Category:Colorectal cancer]]

{{pharmacology-stub}}

Caco-2 - Revision history

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