Bronchogenic cyst - Revision history

Prab at 00:47, 27 April 2025

2025-04-27T00:47:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:47, 27 April 2025
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	{{Infobox medical condition		{{Infobox medical condition
	\| name = Bronchogenic cyst		\| name = Bronchogenic cyst
	~~\| image = [[File:Image:bronchogenic_cyst_high_mag.jpg\|left\|thumb\|Bronchogenic cyst under high magnification]]~~
	~~\| caption = Histological image of a bronchogenic cyst~~
	\| field = [[Pulmonology]]		\| field = [[Pulmonology]]
	\| symptoms = [[Cough]], [[dyspnea]], [[chest pain]]		\| symptoms = [[Cough]], [[dyspnea]], [[chest pain]]
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	\| deaths = Rarely fatal		\| deaths = Rarely fatal
	}}		}}

	Bronchogenic cysts (BCs) are congenital malformations resulting from abnormal budding of the foregut and are most commonly found in the [[mediastinum]].		Bronchogenic cysts (BCs) are congenital malformations resulting from abnormal budding of the foregut and are most commonly found in the [[mediastinum]].

	They are usually located within the [[mediastinum]] at an early stage of gestation or in the lung at a later stage. However, their location can be anywhere along the developmental pathway of the [[foregut]] in an [[ectopic]] site.		They are usually located within the [[mediastinum]] at an early stage of gestation or in the lung at a later stage. However, their location can be anywhere along the developmental pathway of the [[foregut]] in an [[ectopic]] site.
	[[File:Bronchogenic cyst.jpg\|left\|thumb]]		[[File:Bronchogenic cyst.jpg\|left\|thumb]]
	[[File:Cilia light micrograph.jpg\|left\|thumb]]		[[File:Cilia light micrograph.jpg\|left\|thumb]]
	~~<youtube>~~
	~~title='''{{PAGENAME}}'''~~
	~~movie_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/=q4nw20epAdI~~
	~~&rel=1~~
	~~embed_source_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/=q4nw20epAdI~~
	~~&rel=1~~
	~~wrap = yes~~
	~~width=750~~
	~~height=600~~
	~~</youtube>~~
	== '''Epidemiology''' ==		== '''Epidemiology''' ==
	Bronchogenic cysts are rare cystic lesions, with prevalences of 1 per 42,000 and 1 per 68,000 admissions in two hospital series. They are slightly more frequent in men and often remain undiscovered until the third or fourth decade of life. They account for 10% to 15% of mediastinal tumors and 50 to 60% of all mediastinal cysts.		Bronchogenic cysts are rare cystic lesions, with prevalences of 1 per 42,000 and 1 per 68,000 admissions in two hospital series. They are slightly more frequent in men and often remain undiscovered until the third or fourth decade of life. They account for 10% to 15% of mediastinal tumors and 50 to 60% of all mediastinal cysts.

	== '''Types''' ==		== '''Types''' ==
	Classification of mediastinal bronchogenic cysts is in five types according to their location:		Classification of mediastinal bronchogenic cysts is in five types according to their location:
Line 42:		Line 34:
	* Hilar		* Hilar
	* Miscellaneous		* Miscellaneous

	Intrapulmonary bronchogenic cysts represent 20% to 30% and most commonly involve the lower lobes. They have no predilection for the right or left side.		Intrapulmonary bronchogenic cysts represent 20% to 30% and most commonly involve the lower lobes. They have no predilection for the right or left side.
	The other locations of bronchogenic cysts are rare and include the [[pericardium]], the [[pleura]], the neck, the [[diaphragm]], and the [[retroperitoneum]].		The other locations of bronchogenic cysts are rare and include the [[pericardium]], the [[pleura]], the neck, the [[diaphragm]], and the [[retroperitoneum]].

	== '''cause''' ==		== '''cause''' ==
	The genesis of bronchogenic cysts is from the abnormal or late budding of the embryonic ventral lung bud or the tracheobronchial tree which occurs between the 26th and 40th days of gestation. This abnormal bud subsequently differentiates into a fluid-filled, blind-ending pouch. The location of a bronchogenic cyst depends on the embryological stage of development at which the anomaly occurs. When the abnormal budding happens during early development, the cyst occupies the tracheobronchial tree. Cysts that arise later are more peripheral and may involve the lung [[parenchyma]].		The genesis of bronchogenic cysts is from the abnormal or late budding of the embryonic ventral lung bud or the tracheobronchial tree which occurs between the 26th and 40th days of gestation. This abnormal bud subsequently differentiates into a fluid-filled, blind-ending pouch. The location of a bronchogenic cyst depends on the embryological stage of development at which the anomaly occurs. When the abnormal budding happens during early development, the cyst occupies the tracheobronchial tree. Cysts that arise later are more peripheral and may involve the lung [[parenchyma]].

	== '''Signs and symptoms''' ==		== '''Signs and symptoms''' ==
	'''In pediatric patients:''' bronchogenic cysts may cause life-threatening compressive symptoms.		'''In pediatric patients:''' bronchogenic cysts may cause life-threatening compressive symptoms.
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	* Non-fistulized bronchogenic cysts are usually responsible for chest pain.		* Non-fistulized bronchogenic cysts are usually responsible for chest pain.
	* [[Pericystic pneumonitis]] or [[pneumonia]] in the adjacent compressed lung are responsible for fever and shortness of breath.		* [[Pericystic pneumonitis]] or [[pneumonia]] in the adjacent compressed lung are responsible for fever and shortness of breath.

	== '''Diagnosis''' ==		== '''Diagnosis''' ==
	'''Chest radiograph: '''		* '''Chest radiograph: '''
	'''Pulmonary bronchogenic cysts: '''		* '''Pulmonary bronchogenic cysts: '''
	Sharply defined, solitary, round or oval opacities, usually the lower lobe. They can present as a homogeneous water density, as an air-filled cyst, or with an air-fluid level. Abnormalities in the surrounding lung [[parenchyma]], [[atelectasis]] or consolidation may occur and may make the diagnosis more difficult.		Sharply defined, solitary, round or oval opacities, usually the lower lobe. They can present as a homogeneous water density, as an air-filled cyst, or with an air-fluid level. Abnormalities in the surrounding lung [[parenchyma]], [[atelectasis]] or consolidation may occur and may make the diagnosis more difficult.

			<youtube>
			title='''{{PAGENAME}}'''
			movie_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/=q4nw20epAdI
			&rel=1
			embed_source_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/=q4nw20epAdI
			&rel=1
			wrap = yes
			width=750
			height=600
			</youtube>

	'''Mediastinal bronchogenic cysts:'''		'''Mediastinal bronchogenic cysts:'''
	Homogeneous, smooth, solitary, round or ovoid masses usually in the middle mediastinum.		Homogeneous, smooth, solitary, round or ovoid masses usually in the middle mediastinum.

	'''Computed tomography scan:'''		'''Computed tomography scan:'''
	[[CT]] is the investigation of choice. The CT density of bronchogenic cysts is variable from typical water density to high density related to blood, increased calcium content, anthracotic pigment, or increased protein content of the fluid.		[[CT]] is the investigation of choice. The CT density of bronchogenic cysts is variable from typical water density to high density related to blood, increased calcium content, anthracotic pigment, or increased protein content of the fluid.

	'''Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):'''		'''Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):'''
	Magnetic resonance imaging is better than [[CT]] scan at delineating anatomic relations and the definition of the cyst.		Magnetic resonance imaging is better than [[CT]] scan at delineating anatomic relations and the definition of the cyst.
Line 65:		Line 75:
	The treatment of patients with bronchogenic cysts depends on symptoms at presentation and the patient‚Äôs age. Surgical resection alleviates symptoms, prevents complications and establishes the diagnosis of bronchogenic cysts.		The treatment of patients with bronchogenic cysts depends on symptoms at presentation and the patient‚Äôs age. Surgical resection alleviates symptoms, prevents complications and establishes the diagnosis of bronchogenic cysts.
	Symptomatic cysts should be resected either by [[thoracotomy]] or via video-assisted [[thoracoscopy]] regardless of patient age unless surgical risks are unacceptably high.		Symptomatic cysts should be resected either by [[thoracotomy]] or via video-assisted [[thoracoscopy]] regardless of patient age unless surgical risks are unacceptably high.

	'''Intrapulmonary bronchogenic cysts:'''		'''Intrapulmonary bronchogenic cysts:'''
	[[Lobectomy]] is the procedure of choice. However, in peripheral bronchogenic cysts or patients with limited lung function, a conservative procedure as a total [[pericystectomy]], a wedge resection, or [[segmentectomy]] are recommended.		[[Lobectomy]] is the procedure of choice. However, in peripheral bronchogenic cysts or patients with limited lung function, a conservative procedure as a total [[pericystectomy]], a wedge resection, or [[segmentectomy]] are recommended.

	'''Mediastinal bronchogenic cysts:'''		'''Mediastinal bronchogenic cysts:'''
	The presence of adhesions especially in complicated forms of mediastinal bronchogenic cysts can lead to incomplete resection. Thus, resection or destruction of the mucosa is a requirement to prevent accumulation of fluid and late recurrence.		The presence of adhesions especially in complicated forms of mediastinal bronchogenic cysts can lead to incomplete resection. Thus, resection or destruction of the mucosa is a requirement to prevent accumulation of fluid and late recurrence.
	An alternative option for bronchogenic cysts is close imaging surveillance to ensure temporal stability.		An alternative option for bronchogenic cysts is close imaging surveillance to ensure temporal stability.

	== '''Prognosis''' ==		== '''Prognosis''' ==
	The prognosis of bronchogenic cysts after surgical excision is excellent. In case of incomplete excision, late recurrences can occur.A recent study reviewing 102 patients treated for bronchogenic cysts, the estimated mean morbidity and mortality was 20%.		The prognosis of bronchogenic cysts after surgical excision is excellent. In case of incomplete excision, late recurrences can occur.A recent study reviewing 102 patients treated for bronchogenic cysts, the estimated mean morbidity and mortality was 20%.

Prab: CSV import

2025-04-04T19:05:37Z

CSV import

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:05, 4 April 2025
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			{{SI}}
			{{Infobox medical condition
			\| name = Bronchogenic cyst
			\| image = [[File:Image:bronchogenic_cyst_high_mag.jpg\|left\|thumb\|Bronchogenic cyst under high magnification]]
			\| caption = Histological image of a bronchogenic cyst
			\| field = [[Pulmonology]]
			\| symptoms = [[Cough]], [[dyspnea]], [[chest pain]]
			\| complications = [[Infection]], [[hemorrhage]], [[pneumothorax]]
			\| onset = Congenital
			\| duration = Chronic
			\| causes = Developmental anomaly of the [[foregut]]
			\| risks = None specifically identified
			\| diagnosis = [[Chest X-ray]], [[CT scan]], [[MRI]]
			\| differential = [[Pulmonary sequestration]], [[teratoma]], [[neurogenic tumor]]
			\| treatment = [[Surgical resection]]
			\| medication = None specific
			\| prognosis = Generally good with treatment
			\| frequency = Rare
			\| deaths = Rarely fatal
			}}
	Bronchogenic cysts (BCs) are congenital malformations resulting from abnormal budding of the foregut and are most commonly found in the [[mediastinum]].		Bronchogenic cysts (BCs) are congenital malformations resulting from abnormal budding of the foregut and are most commonly found in the [[mediastinum]].
	They are usually located within the [[mediastinum]] at an early stage of gestation or in the lung at a later stage. However, their location can be anywhere along the developmental pathway of the [[foregut]] in an [[ectopic]] site.		They are usually located within the [[mediastinum]] at an early stage of gestation or in the lung at a later stage. However, their location can be anywhere along the developmental pathway of the [[foregut]] in an [[ectopic]] site.
	[[File:Bronchogenic cyst.jpg\|thumb]]		[[File:Bronchogenic cyst.jpg\|left\|thumb]]
	[[File:Cilia light micrograph.jpg\|thumb]]		[[File:Cilia light micrograph.jpg\|left\|thumb]]

	<youtube>		<youtube>
	title='''{{PAGENAME}}'''		title='''{{PAGENAME}}'''
Line 14:		Line 33:
	height=600		height=600
	</youtube>		</youtube>

	== '''Epidemiology''' ==		== '''Epidemiology''' ==
	Bronchogenic cysts are rare cystic lesions, with prevalences of 1 per 42,000 and 1 per 68,000 admissions in two hospital series. They are slightly more frequent in men and often remain undiscovered until the third or fourth decade of life. They account for 10% to 15% of mediastinal tumors and 50 to 60% of all mediastinal cysts.		Bronchogenic cysts are rare cystic lesions, with prevalences of 1 per 42,000 and 1 per 68,000 admissions in two hospital series. They are slightly more frequent in men and often remain undiscovered until the third or fourth decade of life. They account for 10% to 15% of mediastinal tumors and 50 to 60% of all mediastinal cysts.

	== '''Types''' ==		== '''Types''' ==
	Classification of mediastinal bronchogenic cysts is in five types according to their location:		Classification of mediastinal bronchogenic cysts is in five types according to their location:
Line 27:		Line 44:
	Intrapulmonary bronchogenic cysts represent 20% to 30% and most commonly involve the lower lobes. They have no predilection for the right or left side.		Intrapulmonary bronchogenic cysts represent 20% to 30% and most commonly involve the lower lobes. They have no predilection for the right or left side.
	The other locations of bronchogenic cysts are rare and include the [[pericardium]], the [[pleura]], the neck, the [[diaphragm]], and the [[retroperitoneum]].		The other locations of bronchogenic cysts are rare and include the [[pericardium]], the [[pleura]], the neck, the [[diaphragm]], and the [[retroperitoneum]].

	== '''cause''' ==		== '''cause''' ==
	The genesis of bronchogenic cysts is from the abnormal or late budding of the embryonic ventral lung bud or the tracheobronchial tree which occurs between the 26th and 40th days of gestation. This abnormal bud subsequently differentiates into a fluid-filled, blind-ending pouch. The location of a bronchogenic cyst depends on the embryological stage of development at which the anomaly occurs. When the abnormal budding happens during early development, the cyst occupies the tracheobronchial tree. Cysts that arise later are more peripheral and may involve the lung [[parenchyma]].		The genesis of bronchogenic cysts is from the abnormal or late budding of the embryonic ventral lung bud or the tracheobronchial tree which occurs between the 26th and 40th days of gestation. This abnormal bud subsequently differentiates into a fluid-filled, blind-ending pouch. The location of a bronchogenic cyst depends on the embryological stage of development at which the anomaly occurs. When the abnormal budding happens during early development, the cyst occupies the tracheobronchial tree. Cysts that arise later are more peripheral and may involve the lung [[parenchyma]].

	== '''Signs and symptoms''' ==		== '''Signs and symptoms''' ==
	'''In pediatric patients:''' bronchogenic cysts may cause life-threatening compressive symptoms.		'''In pediatric patients:''' bronchogenic cysts may cause life-threatening compressive symptoms.
Line 37:		Line 52:
	* Non-fistulized bronchogenic cysts are usually responsible for chest pain.		* Non-fistulized bronchogenic cysts are usually responsible for chest pain.
	* [[Pericystic pneumonitis]] or [[pneumonia]] in the adjacent compressed lung are responsible for fever and shortness of breath.		* [[Pericystic pneumonitis]] or [[pneumonia]] in the adjacent compressed lung are responsible for fever and shortness of breath.

	== '''Diagnosis''' ==		== '''Diagnosis''' ==
	'''Chest radiograph: '''		'''Chest radiograph: '''
	'''Pulmonary bronchogenic cysts: '''		'''Pulmonary bronchogenic cysts: '''
	Sharply defined, solitary, round or oval opacities, usually the lower lobe. They can present as a homogeneous water density, as an air-filled cyst, or with an air-fluid level. Abnormalities in the surrounding lung [[parenchyma]], [[atelectasis]] or consolidation may occur and may make the diagnosis more difficult.		Sharply defined, solitary, round or oval opacities, usually the lower lobe. They can present as a homogeneous water density, as an air-filled cyst, or with an air-fluid level. Abnormalities in the surrounding lung [[parenchyma]], [[atelectasis]] or consolidation may occur and may make the diagnosis more difficult.

	'''Mediastinal bronchogenic cysts:'''		'''Mediastinal bronchogenic cysts:'''
	Homogeneous, smooth, solitary, round or ovoid masses usually in the middle mediastinum.		Homogeneous, smooth, solitary, round or ovoid masses usually in the middle mediastinum.

	'''Computed tomography scan:'''		'''Computed tomography scan:'''
	[[CT]] is the investigation of choice. The CT density of bronchogenic cysts is variable from typical water density to high density related to blood, increased calcium content, anthracotic pigment, or increased protein content of the fluid.		[[CT]] is the investigation of choice. The CT density of bronchogenic cysts is variable from typical water density to high density related to blood, increased calcium content, anthracotic pigment, or increased protein content of the fluid.

	'''Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):'''		'''Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):'''
	Magnetic resonance imaging is better than [[CT]] scan at delineating anatomic relations and the definition of the cyst.		Magnetic resonance imaging is better than [[CT]] scan at delineating anatomic relations and the definition of the cyst.

	== '''Treatment''' ==		== '''Treatment''' ==
	The treatment of patients with bronchogenic cysts depends on symptoms at presentation and the ~~patient’s~~ age. Surgical resection alleviates symptoms, prevents complications and establishes the diagnosis of bronchogenic cysts.		The treatment of patients with bronchogenic cysts depends on symptoms at presentation and the patient‚Äôs age. Surgical resection alleviates symptoms, prevents complications and establishes the diagnosis of bronchogenic cysts.
	Symptomatic cysts should be resected either by [[thoracotomy]] or via video-assisted [[thoracoscopy]] regardless of patient age unless surgical risks are unacceptably high.		Symptomatic cysts should be resected either by [[thoracotomy]] or via video-assisted [[thoracoscopy]] regardless of patient age unless surgical risks are unacceptably high.

	'''Intrapulmonary bronchogenic cysts:'''		'''Intrapulmonary bronchogenic cysts:'''
	[[Lobectomy]] is the procedure of choice. However, in peripheral bronchogenic cysts or patients with limited lung function, a conservative procedure as a total [[pericystectomy]], a wedge resection, or [[segmentectomy]] are recommended.		[[Lobectomy]] is the procedure of choice. However, in peripheral bronchogenic cysts or patients with limited lung function, a conservative procedure as a total [[pericystectomy]], a wedge resection, or [[segmentectomy]] are recommended.

	'''Mediastinal bronchogenic cysts:'''		'''Mediastinal bronchogenic cysts:'''
	The presence of adhesions especially in complicated forms of mediastinal bronchogenic cysts can lead to incomplete resection. Thus, resection or destruction of the mucosa is a requirement to prevent accumulation of fluid and late recurrence.		The presence of adhesions especially in complicated forms of mediastinal bronchogenic cysts can lead to incomplete resection. Thus, resection or destruction of the mucosa is a requirement to prevent accumulation of fluid and late recurrence.
	An alternative option for bronchogenic cysts is close imaging surveillance to ensure temporal stability.		An alternative option for bronchogenic cysts is close imaging surveillance to ensure temporal stability.

	== '''Prognosis''' ==		== '''Prognosis''' ==
	The prognosis of bronchogenic cysts after surgical excision is excellent. In case of incomplete excision, late recurrences can occur.A recent study reviewing 102 patients treated for bronchogenic cysts, the estimated mean morbidity and mortality was 20%.		The prognosis of bronchogenic cysts after surgical excision is excellent. In case of incomplete excision, late recurrences can occur.A recent study reviewing 102 patients treated for bronchogenic cysts, the estimated mean morbidity and mortality was 20%.

Deepika vegiraju at 13:21, 22 November 2020

2020-11-22T13:21:35Z

New page

Bronchogenic cysts (BCs) are congenital malformations resulting from abnormal budding of the foregut and are most commonly found in the [[mediastinum]].
They are usually located within the [[mediastinum]] at an early stage of gestation or in the lung at a later stage. However, their location can be anywhere along the developmental pathway of the [[foregut]] in an [[ectopic]] site.
[[File:Bronchogenic cyst.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Cilia light micrograph.jpg|thumb]]

<youtube>
title='''{{PAGENAME}}'''
movie_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/=q4nw20epAdI
&rel=1
embed_source_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/=q4nw20epAdI
&rel=1
wrap = yes
width=750
height=600
</youtube>

== '''Epidemiology''' ==
Bronchogenic cysts are rare cystic lesions, with prevalences of 1 per 42,000 and 1 per 68,000 admissions in two hospital series. They are slightly more frequent in men and often remain undiscovered until the third or fourth decade of life. They account for 10% to 15% of mediastinal tumors and 50 to 60% of all mediastinal cysts.

== '''Types''' ==
Classification of mediastinal bronchogenic cysts is in five types according to their location:
* Paratracheal
* Carinal
* Paraesophageal
* Hilar
* Miscellaneous
Intrapulmonary bronchogenic cysts represent 20% to 30% and most commonly involve the lower lobes. They have no predilection for the right or left side.
The other locations of bronchogenic cysts are rare and include the [[pericardium]], the [[pleura]], the neck, the [[diaphragm]], and the [[retroperitoneum]].

== '''cause''' ==
The genesis of bronchogenic cysts is from the abnormal or late budding of the embryonic ventral lung bud or the tracheobronchial tree which occurs between the 26th and 40th days of gestation. This abnormal bud subsequently differentiates into a fluid-filled, blind-ending pouch. The location of a bronchogenic cyst depends on the embryological stage of development at which the anomaly occurs. When the abnormal budding happens during early development, the cyst occupies the tracheobronchial tree. Cysts that arise later are more peripheral and may involve the lung [[parenchyma]].

== '''Signs and symptoms''' ==
'''In pediatric patients:''' bronchogenic cysts may cause life-threatening compressive symptoms.
* Symptoms are secondary to cyst infection or compression of adjacent structures.
* Fistulized bronchogenic cysts cause cough, fever, sputum production, and [[hemoptysis]].
* Non-fistulized bronchogenic cysts are usually responsible for chest pain.
* [[Pericystic pneumonitis]] or [[pneumonia]] in the adjacent compressed lung are responsible for fever and shortness of breath.

== '''Diagnosis''' ==
'''Chest radiograph: '''
'''Pulmonary bronchogenic cysts: '''
Sharply defined, solitary, round or oval opacities, usually the lower lobe. They can present as a homogeneous water density, as an air-filled cyst, or with an air-fluid level. Abnormalities in the surrounding lung [[parenchyma]], [[atelectasis]] or consolidation may occur and may make the diagnosis more difficult.

'''Mediastinal bronchogenic cysts:'''
Homogeneous, smooth, solitary, round or ovoid masses usually in the middle mediastinum.

'''Computed tomography scan:'''
[[CT]] is the investigation of choice. The CT density of bronchogenic cysts is variable from typical water density to high density related to blood, increased calcium content, anthracotic pigment, or increased protein content of the fluid.

'''Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):'''
Magnetic resonance imaging is better than [[CT]] scan at delineating anatomic relations and the definition of the cyst.

== '''Treatment''' ==
The treatment of patients with bronchogenic cysts depends on symptoms at presentation and the patient’s age. Surgical resection alleviates symptoms, prevents complications and establishes the diagnosis of bronchogenic cysts.
Symptomatic cysts should be resected either by [[thoracotomy]] or via video-assisted [[thoracoscopy]] regardless of patient age unless surgical risks are unacceptably high.

'''Intrapulmonary bronchogenic cysts:'''
[[Lobectomy]] is the procedure of choice. However, in peripheral bronchogenic cysts or patients with limited lung function, a conservative procedure as a total [[pericystectomy]], a wedge resection, or [[segmentectomy]] are recommended.

'''Mediastinal bronchogenic cysts:'''
The presence of adhesions especially in complicated forms of mediastinal bronchogenic cysts can lead to incomplete resection. Thus, resection or destruction of the mucosa is a requirement to prevent accumulation of fluid and late recurrence.
An alternative option for bronchogenic cysts is close imaging surveillance to ensure temporal stability.

== '''Prognosis''' ==
The prognosis of bronchogenic cysts after surgical excision is excellent. In case of incomplete excision, late recurrences can occur.A recent study reviewing 102 patients treated for bronchogenic cysts, the estimated mean morbidity and mortality was 20%.
[[Category:Cutaneous congenital anomalies]]
{{rarediseases}}
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