Prab at 15:17, 30 March 2025

2025-03-30T15:17:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:17, 30 March 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:Kort-lang-skalle.gif\|thumb\|~~Bregma on a human skull.]]~~		{{SI}}
	'''~~Bregma~~''' ~~is an anatomical reference point~~ on the human skull~~, representing the location where the [[coronal suture~~]] ~~intersects with the~~ [[~~sagittal suture~~]].		[[File:Kort-lang-skalle.gif\|thumb\|The location of the '''bregma''' on the human skull.]]
			[[File:Slide3ROM.JPG\|thumb\|Anterior view of skull highlighting the bregma.]]

	==~~Location~~==		== '''Bregma''' ==
	Situated at the superior middle portion of the [[Calvaria_(skull)\|calvaria]] (the upper part of the skull), the bregma is the precise point of convergence for the [[frontal bone]] and the two [[parietal bone]]s.

	~~==Development==~~		The '''bregma''' is an important [[anatomical landmark]] on the superior aspect of the human [[skull]], located at the intersection of the [[coronal suture]] and the [[sagittal suture]]. It represents the point where the paired [[parietal bones]] meet the [[frontal bone]] at the midline, and is situated at the apex of the [[calvaria]] (skullcap).
	~~In early infancy, this location~~ is ~~recognized as~~ the [[~~anterior fontanelle~~]], ~~a soft~~ and ~~membranous region~~. It ~~eventually ossifies~~, ~~typically between 4 to 26 months~~ of ~~age, transforming into~~ the ~~bregma~~.

	==~~Clinical Significance==~~		== '''Anatomical Location''' ==
	* '''~~[[cleidocranial dysostosis]]~~'''~~: This congenital disorder is characterized by~~ the ~~absence~~ of the ~~bregma's formation~~, as the [[~~anterior fontanelle~~]] ~~fails to close.~~		The bregma lies on the midline of the skull, at the junction between:
	* '''[[~~stereotactic surgery~~]]~~''': The bregma serves as a crucial landmark for surgeons performing brain surgeries using stereotactic techniques.~~		* The [[coronal suture]], which separates the [[frontal bone]] from the [[parietal bones]]
	* '''Pediatric Examination''': During a pediatrician's physical assessment of an infant, the [[~~anterior fontanelle~~]] ~~is palpated. Indicators of potential health issues include:~~		* The [[sagittal suture]], which separates the two [[parietal bones]]
	** A sunken fontanelle, which ~~may imply dehydration.~~
	** An unusually tense or protruding anterior fontanelle, suggesting increased intracranial pressure.

	~~==Etymology==~~		This point is found on the top of the skull, approximately near the center of the cranial vault, and can be used as a palpable surface landmark in both clinical and surgical contexts.
	~~The term "bregma" has its origins in~~ the ~~Greek word ''bregma''~~, ~~which translates to "top~~ of the ~~head."<ref> Liddell & Scott. ''Greek-English Lexicon''~~.~~</ref>~~

	==~~References~~==		== '''Development''' ==
	~~{{Reflist}}~~		In the developing [[infant]] skull, the bregma corresponds to the location of the [[anterior fontanelle]] — a membranous gap between the cranial bones that allows for flexibility during birth and rapid brain growth.

	~~==Additional Images==~~		* The anterior fontanelle is typically diamond-shaped and remains open at birth.
	~~<gallery>~~		* Ossification of this region generally occurs between '''4 and 26 months''' after birth.
	~~File:Slide3ROM.JPG\|Human skull highlighting~~ the bregma.		* Once closed, it becomes the bony landmark known as the bregma.
	~~</gallery>~~

	==External ~~links~~==		== '''Clinical Significance''' ==
			The bregma holds diagnostic and procedural importance in various medical fields:

			=== Pediatric Assessment ===
			* The '''[[anterior fontanelle]]''' is routinely examined in infants.
			''' A '''sunken fontanelle''' may indicate [[dehydration]].
			''' A '''bulging fontanelle''' may suggest [[increased intracranial pressure]] or [[hydrocephalus]].

			=== Neurosurgery ===
			* In '''[[stereotactic surgery]]''' and other '''[[neurosurgical procedures]]''', the bregma serves as a reference point for orienting instruments and for mapping brain coordinates.

			=== Congenital Disorders ===
			* In conditions such as '''[[cleidocranial dysostosis]]''', ossification of the anterior fontanelle is delayed or absent, resulting in a persistent open bregma.
			* [[Craniosynostosis]] may alter the morphology or closure timing of sutures at or near the bregma.

			== '''Etymology''' ==
			The word ''bregma'' is derived from the Greek term ''βρέγμα'' (''brégma''), meaning “top of the head” or “crown.”

			== '''See Also''' ==
			* [[Fontanelle]]
			* [[Lambda (anatomy)]]
			* [[Skull sutures]]
			* [[Cranial landmarks]]
			* [[Cranial vault]]
			* [[Anatomical terms of location]]

			== '''External Links''' ==
	* {{NormanAnatomy\|lesson1}}		* {{NormanAnatomy\|lesson1}}
			* [https://radiopaedia.org/articles/bregma Radiopaedia: Bregma]
	~~==See also==~~		* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538290/ NCBI: Anatomy, Bregma]
	{{Sutures}}		{{Sutures}}
	{{~~Gray's~~}}		{{Human anatomy}}
	{{~~human anatomy~~}}		{{Grays adapted}}
	[[Category:Human anatomy]]		[[Category:Human anatomy]]
	[[Category:Skull]]		[[Category:Skull]]
			[[Category:Anatomical landmarks]]
			[[Category:Head (anatomy)]]

Prab at 10:19, 9 September 2023

2023-09-09T10:19:30Z

New page

[[File:Kort-lang-skalle.gif|thumb|Bregma on a human skull.]]
'''Bregma''' is an anatomical reference point on the human skull, representing the location where the [[coronal suture]] intersects with the [[sagittal suture]].

==Location==
Situated at the superior middle portion of the [[Calvaria_(skull)|calvaria]] (the upper part of the skull), the bregma is the precise point of convergence for the [[frontal bone]] and the two [[parietal bone]]s.

==Development==
In early infancy, this location is recognized as the [[anterior fontanelle]], a soft and membranous region. It eventually ossifies, typically between 4 to 26 months of age, transforming into the bregma.

==Clinical Significance==
* '''[[cleidocranial dysostosis]]''': This congenital disorder is characterized by the absence of the bregma's formation, as the [[anterior fontanelle]] fails to close.
* '''[[stereotactic surgery]]''': The bregma serves as a crucial landmark for surgeons performing brain surgeries using stereotactic techniques.
* '''Pediatric Examination''': During a pediatrician's physical assessment of an infant, the [[anterior fontanelle]] is palpated. Indicators of potential health issues include:
** A sunken fontanelle, which may imply dehydration.
** An unusually tense or protruding anterior fontanelle, suggesting increased intracranial pressure.

==Etymology==
The term "bregma" has its origins in the Greek word ''bregma'', which translates to "top of the head."<ref> Liddell & Scott. ''Greek-English Lexicon''.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Additional Images==
<gallery>
File:Slide3ROM.JPG|Human skull highlighting the bregma.
</gallery>

==External links==
* {{NormanAnatomy|lesson1}}

==See also==
{{Sutures}}
{{Gray's}}
{{human anatomy}}
[[Category:Human anatomy]]
[[Category:Skull]]

Bregma - Revision history

Prab at 15:17, 30 March 2025

Prab at 10:19, 9 September 2023