Bipolar disorder - Revision history

Prab at 01:05, 30 March 2025

2025-03-30T01:05:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:05, 30 March 2025
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	{{Short description\|Mental disorder that causes periods of depression and abnormally elevated mood}}		{{Short description\|Mental disorder that causes periods of depression and abnormally elevated mood}}
	{{Infobox medical condition (new)		{{Infobox medical condition (new)
	\| name = Bipolar disorder		\| name = Bipolar disorder
	\| image = P culture.svg		\| synonyms = Bipolar affective disorder, bipolar illness, manic depression, manic-depressive illness, manic-depressive psychosis
	\| alt =		\| image = P culture.svg
	\| caption = Bipolar disorder ~~is characterized by~~ episodes of [[mania]] or [[hypomania]] ~~and~~ [[Depression (mood)\|depression]].		\| alt =
	\| field = [[Psychiatry]], [[~~clinical~~ psychology]]		\| caption = Bipolar disorder involves episodes of [[mania]] or [[hypomania]] alternating with periods of [[Depression (mood)\|depression]].
	\| ~~synonyms~~ = Bipolar affective disorder (BPAD),<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Gautam S, Jain A, Gautam M, Gautam A, Jagawat T \| title = Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD) in Children and Adolescents \| journal = Indian Journal of Psychiatry \| volume = 61 \| issue = Suppl 2 \| pages = 294–305 \| date = January 2019 \| pmid = 30745704 \| pmc = 6345130 \| doi = 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_570_18 \| doi-access = free \| issn=0019-5545}}</ref> bipolar illness, manic depression, manic depressive disorder, manic–depressive illness (~~historical),<ref name=Shorter2005/> manic–depressive psychosis, circular insanity (historical~~),<ref name=Shorter2005/> bipolar disease<ref>{{cite book\| vauthors = Coyle N, Paice JA \|title=Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing\|date=2015\|publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated\|isbn=978-0-19-933234-2\|page=623}}</ref>		\| field = [[Psychiatry]], [[Clinical psychology]]
	~~\| symptoms = Periods of depression~~ and ~~elevated~~ [[~~mood (psychology)\|mood~~]]~~<ref name=BMJ2012 /><ref name=DSM5 />~~		\| symptoms = Alternating episodes of elevated mood ([[mania]] or [[hypomania]]) and [[depression]]
	\| complications = [[Suicide]], [[self-harm]]~~<ref name=BMJ2012/>~~		\| complications = [[Suicide]], [[self-harm]], impaired functioning
	\| onset = 25 years old~~<ref name=BMJ2012 />~~		\| onset = Typically around 25 years old
	\| duration =		\| duration = Long-term, often lifelong
	\| types = [[Bipolar I disorder]], [[~~bipolar~~ II disorder]], ~~others<ref name=DSM5 />~~		\| types = [[Bipolar I disorder]], [[Bipolar II disorder]], Cyclothymia, other subtypes
	\| causes = ~~[[Environmental factor\|Environmental]]~~ and ~~[[Genetics\|genetic]]<ref name=BMJ2012 />~~		\| causes = Genetic and environmental factors
	\| risks = Family history, [[childhood ~~abuse]]~~, ~~long-term [[stress (psychological)\|~~stress~~]]<ref name=BMJ2012 />~~		\| risks = Family history, childhood trauma, chronic stress
	\| diagnosis =		\| diagnosis = Clinical assessment, psychiatric evaluation
	\| differential = [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]], [[~~autism~~]], [[personality ~~disorder~~]]s, [[~~schizophrenia~~]], [[~~substance use~~ disorder]]~~<ref name=BMJ2012 />~~		\| differential = [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]], [[schizophrenia]], [[personality disorders]], [[substance use disorders]], [[major depressive disorder]]
	\| prevention =		\| prevention = Early identification, stress reduction strategies
	\| treatment = [[Psychotherapy]], ~~medications<ref name=BMJ2012 />~~		\| treatment = [[Psychotherapy]], medication
	\| medication = [[Lithium (medication)\|Lithium]], [[~~antipsychotic~~]]s, [[~~anticonvulsant~~]]~~s<ref name=BMJ2012 />~~		\| medication = [[Lithium (medication)\|Lithium]], [[antipsychotics]], [[anticonvulsants]], antidepressants (with caution)
	\| prognosis =		\| prognosis = Variable; manageable with treatment
	\| frequency = 1–3%~~<ref name=BMJ2012/><ref name=Schmitt2014/>~~		\| frequency = Approximately 1–3% of the population
	\| deaths =		\| deaths = Increased risk primarily due to suicide
	}}		}}

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	=== Support and Advocacy ===		=== Support and Advocacy ===
	Support from family, friends, and mental health professionals is essential in the management of bipolar disorder. Advocacy groups, such as the [[National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)]] and the [[Bipolar Disorder Support Alliance (BDSA)]], provide resources, educational materials, and opportunities for individuals to connect with others who understand their experiences. These organizations also work to raise awareness about bipolar disorder and advocate for improved access to mental health care.		Support from family, friends, and mental health professionals is essential in the management of bipolar disorder. Advocacy groups, such as the [[National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)]] and the [[Bipolar Disorder Support Alliance (BDSA)]], provide resources, educational materials, and opportunities for individuals to connect with others who understand their experiences. These organizations also work to raise awareness about bipolar disorder and advocate for improved access to mental health care.
	~~== References ==~~
	~~<references>~~
	~~<ref name="Shorter2005">Shorter, E. (2005). ''Manic-Depressive Illness: Bipolar Disorders and Recurrent Depression''. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195176186.</ref>~~

	~~<ref name="BMJ2012">Royal College of Psychiatrists. (2012). ''Bipolar Disorder''. BMJ, 345, e5733. doi:10.1136/bmj.e5733.</ref>~~

	<ref name="DSM5">American Psychiatric Association. (2013). ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)''. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. ISBN: 978-0890425558.</ref>

	~~<ref name="Schmitt2014">Schmitt, J. M., & Goldberg, J. F. (2014). The Role of Pharmacotherapy in Bipolar Disorder. ''Bipolar Disorders'', 16(1), 23–38. doi:10.1111/bdi.12145.</ref>~~
	~~</references>~~

	{{Mental and behavioral disorders\|selected = mood}}		{{Mental and behavioral disorders\|selected = mood}}
	{{Mood disorders\|state=expanded}}		{{Mood disorders\|state=expanded}}

Prab: /* Antidepressants */

2025-01-13T12:30:36Z

Antidepressants

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:30, 13 January 2025
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	Antidepressants are used primarily to treat the depressive episodes of bipolar disorder. However, they are usually prescribed with caution, as they can trigger manic episodes in some individuals. Typically, antidepressants are combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent this switch from depression to mania.		Antidepressants are used primarily to treat the depressive episodes of bipolar disorder. However, they are usually prescribed with caution, as they can trigger manic episodes in some individuals. Typically, antidepressants are combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent this switch from depression to mania.

	* '''[[Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)]]''': Medications like sertraline (Zoloft) and fluoxetine (Prozac) are commonly prescribed to treat depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder.		* '''[[Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors]] (SSRIs)''': Medications like [[sertraline]] (Zoloft) and [[fluoxetine]] (Prozac) are commonly prescribed to treat depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder.
	* '''[[Bupropion]] (Wellbutrin)''': Bupropion is another antidepressant that may be used to treat depressive episodes in bipolar disorder. It carries a lower risk of triggering mania compared to other antidepressants.		* '''[[Bupropion]] (Wellbutrin)''': Bupropion is another antidepressant that may be used to treat depressive episodes in bipolar disorder. It carries a lower risk of triggering [[mania]] compared to other antidepressants.

	==== Benzodiazepines ====		==== Benzodiazepines ====

Prab: /* Antidepressants */

2025-01-13T12:29:51Z

Antidepressants

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:29, 13 January 2025
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	Antidepressants are used primarily to treat the depressive episodes of bipolar disorder. However, they are usually prescribed with caution, as they can trigger manic episodes in some individuals. Typically, antidepressants are combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent this switch from depression to mania.		Antidepressants are used primarily to treat the depressive episodes of bipolar disorder. However, they are usually prescribed with caution, as they can trigger manic episodes in some individuals. Typically, antidepressants are combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent this switch from depression to mania.

	* '''Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)''': Medications like sertraline (Zoloft) and fluoxetine (Prozac) are commonly prescribed to treat depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder.		* '''[[Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)]]''': Medications like sertraline (Zoloft) and fluoxetine (Prozac) are commonly prescribed to treat depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder.
	* '''Bupropion (Wellbutrin)''': Bupropion is another antidepressant that may be used to treat depressive episodes in bipolar disorder. It carries a lower risk of triggering mania compared to other antidepressants.		* '''[[Bupropion]] (Wellbutrin)''': Bupropion is another antidepressant that may be used to treat depressive episodes in bipolar disorder. It carries a lower risk of triggering mania compared to other antidepressants.

	==== Benzodiazepines ====		==== Benzodiazepines ====

Prab: /* Mood Stabilizers */

2025-01-13T12:29:27Z

Mood Stabilizers

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:29, 13 January 2025
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	Mood stabilizers are the most commonly prescribed medications for bipolar disorder. These drugs help balance mood swings, preventing both manic and depressive episodes.		Mood stabilizers are the most commonly prescribed medications for bipolar disorder. These drugs help balance mood swings, preventing both manic and depressive episodes.

	* '''Lithium''': Lithium has been used for decades as the primary mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder. It is particularly effective in preventing manic episodes and reducing the risk of suicide in patients with bipolar disorder. However, lithium requires regular blood tests to ensure that the blood levels remain within a therapeutic range, as it has a narrow therapeutic index.		* '''[[Lithium]]''': Lithium has been used for decades as the primary mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder. It is particularly effective in preventing manic episodes and reducing the risk of suicide in patients with bipolar disorder. However, lithium requires regular blood tests to ensure that the blood levels remain within a therapeutic range, as it has a narrow therapeutic index.
	* '''Valproate (Depakote)''': Another common mood stabilizer, valproate is used to treat manic episodes and is considered especially effective for patients with rapid cycling bipolar disorder. It is often prescribed when lithium is not effective or tolerated.		* '''[[Valproate]] (Depakote)''': Another common mood stabilizer, valproate is used to treat manic episodes and is considered especially effective for patients with rapid cycling bipolar disorder. It is often prescribed when lithium is not effective or tolerated.
	* '''Lamotrigine (Lamictal)''': Lamotrigine is effective for preventing depressive episodes in bipolar disorder and is often preferred in cases where individuals experience more depression than mania. It is also used as an adjunctive treatment to other mood stabilizers.		* '''[[Lamotrigine]] (Lamictal)''': Lamotrigine is effective for preventing depressive episodes in bipolar disorder and is often preferred in cases where individuals experience more depression than mania. It is also used as an adjunctive treatment to other mood stabilizers.

	==== Atypical Antipsychotics ====		==== Atypical Antipsychotics ====

Prab at 12:21, 13 January 2025

2025-01-13T12:21:06Z

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 === Support and Advocacy ===
 Support from family, friends, and mental health professionals is essential in the management of bipolar disorder. Advocacy groups, such as the [[National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)]] and the [[Bipolar Disorder Support Alliance (BDSA)]], provide resources, educational materials, and opportunities for individuals to connect with others who understand their experiences. These organizations also work to raise awareness about bipolar disorder and advocate for improved access to mental health care.
 {{Mental and behavioral disorders|selected = mood}}

Prab at 12:18, 13 January 2025

2025-01-13T12:18:46Z

Show changes

Deepika vegiraju: Created page with "'''Other Names:''' Bipolar affective disorder; Bipolar illness; Manic depression; Manic-depressive psychosis; Major affective disorder Bipolar disorder is a serious mental i..."

2020-07-31T15:51:14Z

Created page with "'''Other Names:''' Bipolar affective disorder; Bipolar illness; Manic depression; Manic-depressive psychosis; Major affective disorder Bipolar disorder is a serious mental i..."

New page

'''Other Names:''' Bipolar affective disorder; Bipolar illness; Manic depression; Manic-depressive psychosis; Major affective disorder

Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness. People who have it go through unusual mood changes. They go from very happy, "up," and active to very sad and hopeless, "down," and inactive, and then back again. They often have normal moods in between. The up feeling is called [[mania]]. The down feeling is [[depression]].
Bipolar disorder often starts in a person's late teen or early adult years. But children and adults can have bipolar disorder too. The illness usually lasts a lifetime.
If not treated, bipolar disorder can lead to damaged relationships, poor job or school performance, and even suicide. However, there are effective treatments to control symptoms: medicine and talk therapy. A combination usually works best.
[[File:Gangguan Bipolar.png|thumb]]
[[File:Bipolar disorder subtypes comparison between Bipolar I, II disorder and Cyclothymia.svg|thumb]]

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== '''Cause''' ==
The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown. However, research suggests that there is no single cause. Instead, a combination of factors may contribute to bipolar disorder.

'''Genes'''
Bipolar disorder often runs in families, and research suggests that this is mostly explained by heredity—people with certain genes are more likely to develop bipolar disorder than others. Many genes are involved, and no one gene can cause the disorder.

But genes are not the only factor. Some studies of identical twins have found that even when one twin develops bipolar disorder, the other twin may not. Although people with a parent or sibling with bipolar disorder are more likely to develop the disorder themselves, most people with a family history of bipolar disorder will not develop the illness.

'''Brain Structure and Function'''
Researchers are learning that the brain structure and function of people with bipolar disorder may be different from the brain structure and function of people who do not have bipolar disorder or other psychiatric disorders. Learning about the nature of these brain changes helps doctors better understand bipolar disorder and may in the future help predict which types of treatment will work best for a person with bipolar disorder. At this time, diagnosis is based on symptoms rather than brain imaging or other diagnostic tests.

== '''Inheritance''' ==
Studies have strongly suggested that genetics play an important role in the development of mood disorders, but there is no clear pattern of inheritance. They are likely caused by the interaction of several genes with '''environmental factors '''(called complex or [[multifactorial inheritance]]).

== '''Types''' ==
There are three basic types of bipolar disorder; all of them involve clear changes in mood, energy, and activity levels. These moods range from periods of extremely “up,” elated, and energized behavior or increased activity levels (manic episodes) to very sad, “down,” hopeless, or low activity-level periods (depressive episodes). People with bipolar disorder also may have a normal (euthymic) mood alternating with depression. Four or more episodes of mania or depression in a year are termed “rapid cycling.”

'''Bipolar I Disorder''' is defined by [[manic]] episodes that last at least seven days (most of the day, nearly every day) or when manic symptoms are so severe that hospital care is needed. Usually, separate depressive episodes occur as well, typically lasting at least two weeks. Episodes of mood disturbance with mixed features (having depression and manic symptoms at the same time) are also possible.
'''Bipolar II Disorder''' is defined by a pattern of depressive episodes and [[hypomanic]] episodes, but not the full-blown manic episodes described above.
'''Cyclothymic Disorder '''(also called cyclothymia) is defined by persistent hypomanic and depressive symptoms that are not intense enough or do not last long enough to qualify as hypomanic or depressive episodes. The symptoms usually occur for at least two years in adults and for one year in children and teenagers.
Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders is a category that refers to bipolar disorder symptoms that do not match any of the recognized categories.

== '''Symptoms''' ==
The symptoms of bipolar disorder can vary. An individual with bipolar disorder may have manic episodes, depressive episodes, or “mixed” episodes. A mixed episode has both manic and depressive symptoms. These mood episodes cause symptoms that last a week or two or sometimes longer. During an episode, the symptoms last every day for most of the day. Mood episodes are intense. The feelings are intense and happen along with changes in behavior, energy levels, or activity levels that are noticeable to others.

The symptoms of bipolar disorder can vary. An individual with bipolar disorder may have manic episodes, depressive episodes, or “mixed” episodes. A mixed episode has both manic and depressive symptoms. These mood episodes cause symptoms that last a week or two or sometimes longer. During an episode, the symptoms last every day for most of the day. Mood episodes are intense. The feelings are intense and happen along with changes in behavior, energy levels, or activity levels that are noticeable to others.
'''Symptoms of a Manic Episode'''
* Feeling very up, high, elated, or extremely irritable or touchy
* Feeling jumpy or wired, more active than usual
* Racing thoughts
* Decreased need for sleep
* Talking fast about a lot of different things (“flight of ideas”)
* Excessive appetite for food, drinking, sex, or other pleasurable activities
* Thinking you can do a lot of things at once without getting tired
* Feeling like you are unusually important, talented, or powerful

Symptoms of a Depressive Episode
* Feeling very down or sad, or anxious
* Feeling slowed down or restless
* Trouble concentrating or making decisions
* Trouble falling asleep, waking up too early, or sleeping too much
* Talking very slowly, feeling like you have nothing to say, or forgetting a lot
* Lack of interest in almost all activities
* Unable to do even simple things
* Feeling hopeless or worthless, or thinking about death or suicide

Some people with bipolar disorder may have milder symptoms than others with the disorder. For example, hypomanic episodes may make the individual feel very good and be very productive; they may not feel like anything is wrong. However, family and friends may notice the mood swings and changes in activity levels as behavior that is different from usual, and severe depression may follow mild hypomanic episodes.

== '''Diagnosis''' ==
To diagnose bipolar disorder, a doctor or other health care provider may:

* Complete a full physical exam.
* Order medical testing to rule out other illnesses.
* Refer the person for an evaluation by a psychiatrist.

A psychiatrist or other mental health professional diagnoses bipolar disorder based on the symptoms, lifetime course, and experiences of the individual. Some people have bipolar disorder for years before it is diagnosed. This may be because:

Bipolar disorder has symptoms in common with several other mental health disorders. A doctor may think the person has a different disorder, such as [[schizophrenia]] or (unipolar) depression.
Family and friends may notice the symptoms, but not realize that the symptoms are part of a more significant problem.
People with bipolar disorder often have other health conditions, which can make it hard for doctors to diagnose bipolar disorder.

== '''Treatment''' ==
Treatment helps many people, even those with the most severe forms of bipolar disorder. Doctors treat bipolar disorder with medications, psychotherapy, or a combination of treatments.

'''Medications'''
Certain medications can help control the symptoms of bipolar disorder. Some people may need to try several different medications and work with their doctor before finding the ones that work best. The most common types of medications that doctors prescribe include [[mood stabilizers]] and atypical [[antipsychotics]]. Mood stabilizers such as [[lithium]] can help prevent mood episodes or reduce their severity when they occur. Lithium also decreases the risk for suicide. Additional medications that target sleep or anxiety are sometimes added to mood stabilizers as part of a treatment plan.

Talk with your doctor or a pharmacist to understand the risks and benefits of each medication. Report any concerns about side effects to your doctor right away. Avoid stopping medication without talking to your doctor first.

'''Psychotherapy'''
[[Psychotherapy]] (sometimes called “talk therapy”) is a term for a variety of treatment techniques that aim to help a person identify and change troubling emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. Psychotherapy can offer support, education, skills, and strategies to people with bipolar disorder and their families. Psychotherapy often is used in combination with medications; some types of psychotherapy (e.g., interpersonal, social rhythm therapy) can be an effective treatment for bipolar disorder when used with medications.

'''Other Treatments'''
Some people may find other treatments helpful in managing their bipolar symptoms, including:

[[Electroconvulsive therapy]] is a brain stimulation procedure that can help people get relief from severe symptoms of bipolar disorder. This type of therapy is usually considered only if a patient’s illness has not improved after other treatments (such as medication or psychotherapy) are tried, or in cases where rapid response is needed, as in the case of suicide risk and catatonia (a state of unresponsiveness), for example.

Regular vigorous exercise, such as jogging, swimming, or bicycling, helps with [[depression]] and [[anxiety]], promotes better sleep, and is healthy for your heart and brain. Check with your doctor before you start a new exercise regimen.

Keeping a life chart, which records daily mood symptoms, treatments, sleep patterns, and life events, can help people and their doctors track and treat bipolar disorder.

{{Mental and behavioral disorders|selected = mood}}
{{Mood disorders|state=expanded}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Bipolar disorder| ]]
[[Category:Mood disorders]]
[[Category:Psychiatric diagnosis]]
[[Category:Depression (mood)]]
[[Category:RTT]]
[[Category:RTTNEURO]]
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