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			File:M. exilis skeletal.png\|M. exilis skeletal
			File:Bergmann's Rule.svg\|Bergmann's Rule
			File:Dollo's law of irreversibility.svg\|Dollo's law of irreversibility
			File:Bombus bohemicus - Keila.jpg\|Bombus bohemicus - Keila
			File:Sykora02.jpg\|Sykora02
			File:Cambrian Trilobite Olenoides Mt. Stephen.jpg\|Cambrian Trilobite Olenoides Mt. Stephen
			File:FMIB 35665 Common Crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis, Male) (cropped).jpeg\|Common Crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis, Male)
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Prab: Created page with "'''Biological rules''' offer general principles or patterns in biology, often derived from observations across various organisms, conditions, or time periods. They serve as gu..."

2023-09-17T15:26:35Z

Created page with "'''Biological rules''' offer general principles or patterns in biology, often derived from observations across various organisms, conditions, or time periods. They serve as gu..."

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'''Biological rules''' offer general principles or patterns in biology, often derived from observations across various organisms, conditions, or time periods. They serve as guides or heuristic devices to understand biological phenomena and patterns in the vast diversity of life. Here are some of the most notable rules and their explanations:

=== Allen's Rule ===
[[Allen's rule]] postulates that animals in colder climates will often have shorter appendages compared to their counterparts in warmer climates. This rule is thought to help reduce heat loss.

=== Bateson's Rule ===
According to [[Bateson's rule]], extra or supernumerary limbs will often mirror their opposite counterparts. For example, a mutation leading to an extra limb will result in that limb's structure resembling its neighbor.

=== Bergmann's Rule ===
[[Bergmann's rule]] is illustrated with a map and graph, suggesting that animals in colder climates are generally larger than similar species in warmer regions. The larger body mass is believed to help conserve body heat.

=== Cope's Rule ===
[[Cope's rule]] posits that the body size of species tends to increase over evolutionary time. However, it's worth noting that this isn't universal across all lineages.

=== Deep-sea Gigantism ===
In the mysterious world of the deep sea, there's a trend known as [[Deep-sea gigantism]]. Creatures here tend to be much larger than their shallow-water relatives. The reasons for this phenomenon remain a topic of research.

=== Dollo's Law ===
According to [[Dollo's law]], complex traits that are lost during evolution cannot be regained. In other words, once a specific evolutionary pathway is traversed, it can't be reversed.

=== Eichler's Rule ===
[[Eichler's rule]] states that parasites will co-vary with their hosts. If a host evolves or changes over time, its parasites are likely to evolve in tandem.

=== Emery's Rule ===
In the realm of insects, [[Emery's rule]] indicates that social parasites are often in the same genus as their hosts.

=== Fahrenholz's Rule ===
A refinement of the co-evolution concept, [[Fahrenholz's rule]] asserts that host and parasite phylogenies become congruent or mirror each other over time.

=== Foster's Rule ===
Also known as insular gigantism and [[Insular dwarfism]], [[Foster's rule]] explains that after colonizing islands, small species often become larger while large species become smaller. This phenomenon results from the unique ecological pressures on islands.

=== Gause's Law ===
Based on the principle of competitive exclusion, [[Gause's law]] posits that two species competing for the exact same resources cannot coexist indefinitely.

=== Gloger's Rule ===
[[Gloger's rule]] states that animals in colder, drier climates often have lighter coloration than those in warmer, moist climates.

=== Haldane's Rule ===
[[Haldane's rule]] touches on genetics and hybridization. In hybrid offspring, the sex that is absent, rare, or sterile will be the heterogamic one (i.e., the one with two different sex chromosomes).

=== Harrison's Rule ===
A continuation on the theme of hosts and parasites, [[Harrison's rule]] asserts that the size of parasites will co-vary with the size of their hosts.

=== Hamilton's Rule ===
Delving into the realm of social behavior and genetics, [[Hamilton's rule]] states that genes will increase in frequency when the relatedness of the recipient to the actor times the benefit to the recipient is greater than the reproductive cost to the actor.

=== Kleiber's Law ===
[[Kleiber's law]] touches on the fascinating relationship between body size and metabolism. As an animal's size increases, its metabolic rate tends to decrease proportionally.

=== Jarman–Bell Principle ===
The [[Jarman–Bell principle]] highlights a relationship between animal size and diet quality. Larger animals can often subsist on a lower quality diet compared to smaller animals.

=== Hennig's Progression Rule ===
[[Hennig's progression rule]] in cladistics posits that the most primitive or ancestral species within a particular group are often found in the earliest, central part of that group's geographical distribution. As evolution progresses, newer or derived species tend to appear in peripheral areas.

=== Jordan's Rule ===
[[Jordan's rule]] highlights an intriguing pattern in marine biology. There's an inverse relationship between water temperature and the number of fin rays and vertebrae in fish. Typically, fish in colder waters have more fin rays and vertebrae than those in warmer waters.

=== Lack's Principle ===
In the realm of ornithology, [[Lack's principle]] suggests that birds lay only as many eggs as they can procure food for. This strategy ensures optimal survival rates for the offspring.

=== Rapoport's Rule ===
[[Rapoport's rule]] denotes a latitudinal pattern in species distribution. As one moves from the equator towards the poles, species tend to occupy broader latitudinal ranges.

=== Rensch's Rule ===
When considering sexual dimorphism, [[Rensch's rule]] states that sexual size dimorphism (difference in size between males and females) increases with body size when males are larger. Conversely, it decreases with body size when females are larger.

=== Rosa's Rule ===
[[Rosa's rule]] underlines an evolutionary trajectory wherein groups evolve from displaying character variation in ancestral species to a more fixed character state in the advanced or derived species.

=== Schmalhausen's Law ===
In understanding ecological tolerance, [[Schmalhausen's law]] posits that any population at the limit of its tolerance in one aspect becomes highly vulnerable to even slight variations in any other environmental aspect.

=== Thorson's Rule ===
Touching on marine invertebrate reproduction, [[Thorson's rule]] states that the number of eggs produced by benthic marine invertebrates tends to decrease with increasing latitude.

=== Van Valen's Law ===
In the larger scope of evolutionary time, [[Van Valen's law]] suggests that the probability of extinction for a particular taxonomic group remains constant, irrespective of the group's lifespan.

=== von Baer's Laws ===
Embryology offers some fascinating insights, and [[von Baer's laws]] are a testament to that. These laws state that embryos of different species start from a generalized form and progressively develop into increasingly specialized forms.

=== Williston's Law ===
Underlying the principles of evolutionary specialization, [[Williston's law]] suggests that, over time, parts in an organism become reduced in number but more specialized in function.

=='''Conclusion:'''==
The diverse set of biological rules underscores the interconnectedness and patterns in nature. While each rule provides a snapshot into a specific facet of biology, collectively, they paint a picture of the intricate mechanisms and evolutionary pressures shaping life on Earth.
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[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Biological rules]]
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