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	~~'''Bark bread''' is a form~~ of [[bread~~]] used during a [[famine]]. It~~ made ~~by adding ground [[phloem]] to~~ the ~~[[flour]] as an [[:en:wikt:extender~~\|~~extender]] to make it last longer.~~		{{Short description\|A type of bread made using tree bark}}
			{{For\|the use of bark in other foods\|Bark (food)}}

	During the [[18th century\|18th]] and early [[19th century]] [[Northern Europe]] had several very bad years of [[crop failure]]. This was particularly during the [[Little Ice Age]] of the mid 18th century.<ref name=Wefer319>''~~Climate Development and History of the North Atlantic Realm~~''~~, ed. Gerold Wefer (Berlin: Springer, 2002), p. 319</ref> The [[grain]] [[harvest]] was badly affected.<ref name=Wefer319/> Many ideas to make~~ the ~~flour last longer were introduced. In 1742~~, ~~samples of “emergency bread” were sent~~ from [[~~Kristiansand~~]], [[~~Norway~~]] ~~to the Royal~~ [[~~Executive (government)\|Administration]] in [[Copenhagen~~]]~~. One of these was bark bread~~. This is bread ~~made from grain~~ [[~~:en:wikt:husk\|husks~~]] and ~~bread made from burned [[bones]]. During the~~ [[~~Napoleonic Wars~~]], ~~[[moss]] too was used for~~ food.		'''Bark bread''' is a type of bread that incorporates the inner bark of trees, particularly from species such as [[pine]], [[birch]], and [[spruce]]. This bread has been historically consumed in various cultures, especially in [[Scandinavia]] and [[Finland]], during times of food scarcity.

	~~The last time bark~~ bread ~~was used as famine food~~ in ~~[[Norway]] was during~~ the ~~Napoleonic Wars.<ref>Byron J. Nordstrom, ''Scandinavia Since 1500'' (Minneapolis: University~~ of ~~Minnesota Press~~, ~~2000), pp~~. ~~180–81</ref> The [[:wikt:introduction\|introduction]]~~ of the [[~~potato~~]] ~~as a~~ [[~~staple crop~~]] ~~gave the farmers other crops when grain production failed~~. ~~So that~~ bark ~~bread and moss cakes were no longer needed. In Northern [[Sweden]]~~, ~~traces~~ of ~~Sami harvest of bark from [[Scots pine]] are known from the 1890s. In [[Finland]] ''pettuleipä'' (literally "pinewood-bark bread")~~ was ~~produced as a substitute for~~ bread ~~during the [[Finnish Civil War]] of 1918~~.		==History==
			Bark bread has its origins in the harsh climates of Northern Europe, where the growing season is short and food shortages were common. During periods of famine, such as the [[Great Famine of 1315–1317]] and the [[Swedish famine of 1867–1869]], communities turned to alternative food sources to survive. The inner bark, or cambium, of certain trees was found to be edible and nutritious, leading to its use in bread-making.

	== ~~References~~ ==		==Preparation==
	~~{{reflist}}~~		The preparation of bark bread involves harvesting the inner bark of suitable trees. The bark is typically collected in the spring when the sap is rising, making it easier to separate the cambium from the outer bark. Once harvested, the bark is dried and ground into a fine flour. This flour is then mixed with traditional grains, such as [[rye]] or [[barley]], to make dough.

			The dough is kneaded and shaped into loaves, which are then baked. The resulting bread is dense and has a distinct flavor, often described as earthy or slightly bitter. The addition of bark flour not only extends the supply of grain flour but also adds nutritional value, as the bark contains fiber and certain vitamins.

			==Cultural Significance==
			In Scandinavian folklore, bark bread is often associated with resilience and resourcefulness. It is a symbol of the ability to adapt and survive in challenging environments. Today, bark bread is sometimes made as a novelty or for educational purposes, to teach about historical food practices and survival techniques.

			==Modern Uses==
			While no longer a staple food, bark bread has seen a resurgence in interest due to the growing popularity of [[foraging]] and [[sustainable living]]. Some modern bakers experiment with bark flour to create unique artisanal breads, and it is occasionally featured in [[Nordic cuisine]] as a nod to traditional practices.

			==Related pages==
			* [[Famine food]]
			* [[Nordic cuisine]]
			* [[Foraging]]
			* [[Survival skills]]

	[[Category:Breads]]		[[Category:Breads]]
			[[Category:Scandinavian cuisine]]
	{{food~~-stub}}~~		[[Category:Famine food]]
	~~{{dictionary-stub1}}~~
	~~<gallery>~~
	~~File:Barkbrod.jpg\|Bark_bread~~
	~~</gallery>~~

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			File:Barkbrod.jpg\|Bark_bread
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New page

'''Bark bread''' is a form of [[bread]] used during a [[famine]]. It made by adding ground [[phloem]] to the [[flour]] as an [[:en:wikt:extender|extender]] to make it last longer.

During the [[18th century|18th]] and early [[19th century]] [[Northern Europe]] had several very bad years of [[crop failure]]. This was particularly during the [[Little Ice Age]] of the mid 18th century.<ref name=Wefer319>''Climate Development and History of the North Atlantic Realm'', ed. Gerold Wefer (Berlin: Springer, 2002), p. 319</ref> The [[grain]] [[harvest]] was badly affected.<ref name=Wefer319/> Many ideas to make the flour last longer were introduced. In 1742, samples of “emergency bread” were sent from [[Kristiansand]], [[Norway]] to the Royal [[Executive (government)|Administration]] in [[Copenhagen]]. One of these was bark bread. This is bread made from grain [[:en:wikt:husk|husks]] and bread made from burned [[bones]]. During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], [[moss]] too was used for food.

The last time bark bread was used as famine food in [[Norway]] was during the Napoleonic Wars.<ref>Byron J. Nordstrom, ''Scandinavia Since 1500'' (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000), pp. 180–81</ref> The [[:wikt:introduction|introduction]] of the [[potato]] as a [[staple crop]] gave the farmers other crops when grain production failed. So that bark bread and moss cakes were no longer needed. In Northern [[Sweden]], traces of Sami harvest of bark from [[Scots pine]] are known from the 1890s. In [[Finland]] ''pettuleipä'' (literally "pinewood-bark bread") was produced as a substitute for bread during the [[Finnish Civil War]] of 1918.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Breads]]

{{food-stub}}
{{dictionary-stub1}}

Bark bread - Revision history

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