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	~~'''Atomic physics''' is a branch~~ of [[physics]] that studies [[atom]]s as an isolated system of [[electron]]s and an atomic nucleus. It is primarily concerned with the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus and the processes by which these arrangements change. This includes ions as well as neutral atoms and~~, unless otherwise stated, for the purposes of this discussion it should be assumed that~~ the ~~term atom includes ions.~~		{{Short description\|Overview of atomic physics and the Bohr model}}

	~~The term atomic~~ physics is ~~often associated with nuclear power and nuclear bombs, due to~~ the ~~synonymous use~~ of atomic ~~and nuclear in standard English~~. ~~However, physicists distinguish between atomic physics — which deals~~ with the ~~atom as a system consisting~~ of a nucleus and ~~electrons — and nuclear physics,~~ which ~~considers atomic nuclei alone~~.		== Atomic Physics ==
			[[File:Bohr_atom_model.svg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|Diagram of the Bohr model of the atom]]
			'''Atomic physics''' is the field of [[physics]] that studies [[atoms]] as an isolated system of [[electrons]] and an atomic nucleus. It is primarily concerned with the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus and the processes by which these arrangements change. This field is fundamental to our understanding of the [[quantum mechanics\|quantum mechanical]] nature of matter.

	==~~History~~==		=== Historical Development ===
			The study of atomic physics began with the development of the [[atomic theory]] in the early 19th century. The [[Bohr model]], introduced by [[Niels Bohr]] in 1913, was a major advancement in the field. It provided a new understanding of atomic structure and electron behavior.

	The ~~history of atomic physics starts with the discovery of the~~ [[~~electron~~]] ~~by J.J. Thomson in 1897. This discovery led to the proposal of the~~ [[~~Plum pudding model~~]] ~~by Thomson, which was later replaced by~~ the [[~~Rutherford model~~]], and ~~then finally replaced by the [[Bohr model]] and~~ [[~~Quantum mechanics~~]].		=== The Bohr Model ===
			The [[Bohr model]] is a [[quantum physics\|quantum mechanical]] model of the atom that describes electrons orbiting the nucleus in discrete [[energy levels]]. According to this model, electrons can only occupy certain allowed orbits, and they emit or absorb [[photons]] when they transition between these orbits.

	==~~Atomic Models~~==		==== Key Features of the Bohr Model ====
			* '''Quantized Orbits''': Electrons move in fixed orbits with quantized angular momentum.
			* '''Energy Levels''': Each orbit corresponds to a specific energy level.
			* '''Emission and Absorption''': Electrons emit or absorb energy in the form of photons when they jump between orbits.

	===~~Plum Pudding~~ Model===		=== Limitations of the Bohr Model ===
			While the Bohr model was successful in explaining the [[hydrogen atom]]'s spectral lines, it could not accurately predict the spectra of more complex atoms. This led to the development of more sophisticated models, such as the [[quantum mechanical model]] of the atom.

	~~The [[Plum pudding model]] proposed by J.J. Thomson suggested that the atom was a sphere of positive charge with negatively charged electrons embedded within it.~~		== Applications of Atomic Physics ==
			Atomic physics has numerous applications in various fields, including:
	==~~=Rutherford Model=~~==		* '''[[Spectroscopy]]''': The study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.
			* '''[[Quantum computing]]''': Utilizing quantum states of atoms for computation.
	~~The~~ [[~~Rutherford model~~]]~~, proposed by Ernest Rutherford, suggested that the atom consisted~~ of ~~a tiny positively charged nucleus around which~~ the ~~negatively charged electrons orbited~~.		* '''[[Medical imaging]]''': Techniques such as [[MRI]] and [[CT scans]] rely on principles of atomic physics.

	~~===Bohr Model===~~

	~~The~~ [[~~Bohr model~~]]~~, proposed by Niels Bohr, modified the Rutherford model by incorporating~~ quantum ~~theory. According to the Bohr model, electrons orbit the nucleus in specific, discrete energy levels~~.

	~~===Quantum Mechanical Model===~~

	~~The~~ [[~~Quantum mechanical model~~]] ~~of the atom is the current accepted model. It describes the electrons~~ as ~~existing in a cloud around the nucleus, with the cloud's density at any given point being proportional to the probability of finding the electron at that point.~~

	~~==Applications==~~

	~~Atomic physics has numerous practical applications, including in~~ [[~~spectroscopy~~]]~~, quantum optics,~~ and ~~in developing accurate~~ atomic ~~clocks~~. ~~It also has applications in the emerging field of quantum computing and quantum information.~~

	~~==See Also==~~

			== Related Pages ==
	* [[Quantum mechanics]]		* [[Quantum mechanics]]
	* [[~~Quantum field theory~~]]		* [[Niels Bohr]]
	* [[~~Quantum electrodynamics~~]]		* [[Spectroscopy]]
	* [[~~Quantum chromodynamics~~]]		* [[Hydrogen atom]]
	* [[Standard Model]]

	~~==References==~~

	~~==External Links==~~

	~~[[Category:Physics]]~~
	[[Category:Atomic physics]]		[[Category:Atomic physics]]
	~~[[Category:Quantum mechanics]]~~

	~~{{physics-stub}}~~

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'''Atomic physics''' is a branch of [[physics]] that studies [[atom]]s as an isolated system of [[electron]]s and an atomic nucleus. It is primarily concerned with the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus and the processes by which these arrangements change. This includes ions as well as neutral atoms and, unless otherwise stated, for the purposes of this discussion it should be assumed that the term atom includes ions.

The term atomic physics is often associated with nuclear power and nuclear bombs, due to the synonymous use of atomic and nuclear in standard English. However, physicists distinguish between atomic physics — which deals with the atom as a system consisting of a nucleus and electrons — and nuclear physics, which considers atomic nuclei alone.

==History==

The history of atomic physics starts with the discovery of the [[electron]] by J.J. Thomson in 1897. This discovery led to the proposal of the [[Plum pudding model]] by Thomson, which was later replaced by the [[Rutherford model]], and then finally replaced by the [[Bohr model]] and [[Quantum mechanics]].

==Atomic Models==

===Plum Pudding Model===

The [[Plum pudding model]] proposed by J.J. Thomson suggested that the atom was a sphere of positive charge with negatively charged electrons embedded within it.

===Rutherford Model===

The [[Rutherford model]], proposed by Ernest Rutherford, suggested that the atom consisted of a tiny positively charged nucleus around which the negatively charged electrons orbited.

===Bohr Model===

The [[Bohr model]], proposed by Niels Bohr, modified the Rutherford model by incorporating quantum theory. According to the Bohr model, electrons orbit the nucleus in specific, discrete energy levels.

===Quantum Mechanical Model===

The [[Quantum mechanical model]] of the atom is the current accepted model. It describes the electrons as existing in a cloud around the nucleus, with the cloud's density at any given point being proportional to the probability of finding the electron at that point.

==Applications==

Atomic physics has numerous practical applications, including in [[spectroscopy]], quantum optics, and in developing accurate atomic clocks. It also has applications in the emerging field of quantum computing and quantum information.

==See Also==

* [[Quantum mechanics]]
* [[Quantum field theory]]
* [[Quantum electrodynamics]]
* [[Quantum chromodynamics]]
* [[Standard Model]]

==References==

==External Links==

[[Category:Physics]]
[[Category:Atomic physics]]
[[Category:Quantum mechanics]]

{{physics-stub}}

Atomic physics - Revision history

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