Artery of Percheron - Revision history

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	{{~~Short description\|An antibiotic used in veterinary medicine}}~~		{{DISPLAYTITLE:Artery of Percheron}}
	~~{{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2023~~}}

	'''~~Apramycin~~''' is an [[~~aminoglycoside~~]] ~~[[antibiotic]] primarily used~~ in [[~~veterinary medicine~~]]~~. It is effective against a range~~ of [[~~Gram-negative bacteria~~]] and ~~some~~ [[~~Gram-positive bacteria~~]]. ~~Apramycin is~~ particularly ~~used~~ in the ~~treatment~~ of ~~infections in [[livestock]] such as [[cattle]], [[pigs]], and~~ [[~~poultry~~]].		==Artery of Percheron==
			The '''Artery of Percheron''' is a rare anatomical variant of the [[cerebral circulation]] in which a single arterial trunk arises from the [[posterior cerebral artery]] to supply both sides of the [[thalamus]] and the [[midbrain]]. This unique vascular configuration can have significant clinical implications, particularly in the context of [[stroke]].

	~~==Structure and Mechanism of Action==~~		[[File:Circle_of_Willis_en.svg\|thumb\|right\|Diagram of the [[Circle of Willis]], showing the major arteries of the brain.]]
	~~Apramycin is a member of the aminoglycoside class of antibiotics, which are known for their ability to inhibit bacterial~~ [[~~protein synthesis]]~~. ~~The structure~~ of ~~apramycin includes a unique bicyclic sugar moiety that distinguishes it from other aminoglycosides. This structure allows apramycin to bind to~~ the ~~bacterial~~ [[~~ribosome~~]], ~~specifically~~ the ~~30S subunit, thereby interfering with~~ the ~~translation process and ultimately leading to bacterial cell death~~.

	==~~Spectrum of Activity~~==		===Anatomy===
	~~Apramycin~~ is ~~effective against~~ a ~~variety of Gram-negative bacteria, including species~~ of the ~~genera ''~~[[~~Escherichia~~]]'', ''[[~~Salmonella~~]]'', and ~~''[[Klebsiella]]''~~. ~~It also shows activity against some Gram-positive bacteria~~, ~~although its primary use is against Gram-negative pathogens. The antibiotic is particularly useful~~ in ~~treating infections caused by bacteria that are resistant~~ to ~~other aminoglycosides~~.		The Artery of Percheron is a branch of the [[posterior cerebral artery]] (PCA), which is part of the [[Circle of Willis]]. In the typical cerebral circulation, each PCA gives rise to thalamoperforating arteries that supply the thalamus and midbrain on their respective sides. However, in the case of the Artery of Percheron, a single arterial trunk branches from one of the PCAs and bifurcates to supply both the left and right paramedian thalami and the rostral midbrain.

	==Clinical ~~Use in Veterinary Medicine~~==		===Clinical Significance===
	~~In veterinary practice~~, ~~apramycin is used~~ to ~~treat bacterial infections~~ in ~~animals such as pigs~~, ~~cattle~~, and ~~poultry~~. ~~It is often administered orally or via injection, depending on the species~~ and the ~~specific infection being treated. Apramycin is used to manage conditions such as [[colibacillosis]] in pigs and [[poultry]], and [[bacterial enteritis]] in calves~~.		The presence of an Artery of Percheron can have important clinical consequences, especially in the event of an occlusion. A stroke affecting this artery can lead to bilateral thalamic infarction, which may result in a range of neurological deficits including altered mental status, memory impairment, and vertical gaze palsy. Diagnosis of an Artery of Percheron infarction can be challenging due to its rare occurrence and the subtlety of symptoms.

	==~~Resistance~~==		===Diagnosis===
	~~Bacterial resistance to apramycin can occur,~~ as ~~with other antibiotics~~. ~~Resistance mechanisms include the modification of the antibiotic target site, enzymatic inactivation~~ of ~~the drug,~~ and ~~efflux pump mechanisms that expel the antibiotic from the bacterial cell~~. ~~The use~~ of ~~apramycin~~ is ~~carefully regulated to minimize the development of resistance~~.		Diagnosis of an Artery of Percheron infarction typically involves [[neuroimaging]] techniques such as [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) or [[computed tomography]] (CT) scans. These imaging modalities can reveal characteristic patterns of bilateral thalamic and midbrain ischemia. Recognition of this pattern is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management.

	==~~Safety and Side Effects~~==		===Management===
	~~Apramycin~~ is ~~generally well-tolerated in animals, but like all aminoglycosides, it can have nephrotoxic~~ and ~~ototoxic effects, particularly~~ with ~~prolonged use or at high doses~~. ~~Careful dosing~~ and ~~monitoring~~ are ~~essential~~ to ~~minimize these risks.~~		Management of an Artery of Percheron infarction is similar to other types of ischemic stroke and may include [[thrombolysis]] with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) if the patient presents within the appropriate time window. Supportive care and rehabilitation are also important components of treatment to address any resulting neurological deficits.

	~~==Regulation and Approval==~~
	Apramycin is approved for use in veterinary medicine in several countries, but its use is subject to strict regulations to ensure animal welfare and food safety. The withdrawal period for apramycin-treated animals must be observed to prevent antibiotic residues in meat and other animal products.

	==Related pages==		==Related pages==
	* [[~~Aminoglycoside~~]]		* [[Circle of Willis]]
	* [[~~Antibiotic resistance~~]]		* [[Posterior cerebral artery]]
	* [[~~Veterinary medicine~~]]		* [[Thalamus]]
	* [[~~Bacterial infection~~]]		* [[Stroke]]

	~~==Gallery==~~
	~~<gallery>~~
	~~File:Apramycin.svg\|Chemical structure of Apramycin~~
	~~</gallery>~~

	[[Category:~~Aminoglycoside antibiotics~~]]		[[Category:Neuroanatomy]]
	[[Category:~~Veterinary drugs~~]]		[[Category:Vascular system]]

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2025-02-11T19:32:41Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 19:32, 11 February 2025
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	'''Artery of Percheron''' is a rare anatomical variant of the [[brain]]'s blood supply, specifically the [[thalamus]]. It is a solitary arterial trunk that arises from one of the [[posterior cerebral arteries]], typically the right one, and supplies both paramedian thalami and the rostral midbrain.		{{Short description\|An antibiotic used in veterinary medicine}}
			{{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2023}}

	~~== Anatomy ==~~		'''Apramycin''' is an [[aminoglycoside]] [[antibiotic]] primarily used in [[veterinary medicine]]. It is effective against a range of [[Gram-negative bacteria]] and some [[Gram-positive bacteria]]. Apramycin is particularly used in the treatment of infections in [[livestock]] such as [[cattle]], [[pigs]], and [[poultry]].
	~~The~~ [[~~Artery of Percheron~~]] ~~is a variant of the normal vascular supply to the thalamus~~. It is a ~~solitary arterial trunk that arises from one~~ of ~~the~~ [[~~posterior cerebral arteries~~]]~~, typically the right one,~~ and ~~supplies both paramedian thalami and the rostral midbrain~~. ~~This artery~~ is ~~present~~ in ~~approximately 12%~~ of ~~the population~~.

	== ~~Clinical significance~~ ==		==Structure and Mechanism of Action==
	~~The occlusion~~ of the ~~artery~~ of ~~Percheron leads~~ to ~~a unique syndrome known as~~ [[~~Percheron infarction~~]]~~, characterized by bilateral thalamic and mesencephalic infarcts~~. ~~Symptoms~~ of ~~this condition can include altered mental status, memory impairment, vertical gaze palsy, and~~ other ~~neurological deficits~~. ~~Diagnosis is typically made through~~ [[~~magnetic resonance imaging~~]] ~~(MRI)~~.		Apramycin is a member of the aminoglycoside class of antibiotics, which are known for their ability to inhibit bacterial [[protein synthesis]]. The structure of apramycin includes a unique bicyclic sugar moiety that distinguishes it from other aminoglycosides. This structure allows apramycin to bind to the bacterial [[ribosome]], specifically the 30S subunit, thereby interfering with the translation process and ultimately leading to bacterial cell death.

	== ~~History~~ ==		==Spectrum of Activity==
	~~The artery~~ of ~~Percheron was first described by~~ the ~~French neurologist Gérard Percheron~~ in ~~the 1970s. He identified this unique vascular variant during his studies of the thalamic vascularization~~.		Apramycin is effective against a variety of Gram-negative bacteria, including species of the genera ''[[Escherichia]]'', ''[[Salmonella]]'', and ''[[Klebsiella]]''. It also shows activity against some Gram-positive bacteria, although its primary use is against Gram-negative pathogens. The antibiotic is particularly useful in treating infections caused by bacteria that are resistant to other aminoglycosides.

	== ~~See also~~ ==		==Clinical Use in Veterinary Medicine==
	* [[~~Thalamus~~]]		In veterinary practice, apramycin is used to treat bacterial infections in animals such as pigs, cattle, and poultry. It is often administered orally or via injection, depending on the species and the specific infection being treated. Apramycin is used to manage conditions such as [[colibacillosis]] in pigs and [[poultry]], and [[bacterial enteritis]] in calves.
	* [[~~Posterior cerebral artery~~]]
	* [[~~Percheron infarction~~]]

	== ~~References~~ ==		==Resistance==
	~~<references />~~		Bacterial resistance to apramycin can occur, as with other antibiotics. Resistance mechanisms include the modification of the antibiotic target site, enzymatic inactivation of the drug, and efflux pump mechanisms that expel the antibiotic from the bacterial cell. The use of apramycin is carefully regulated to minimize the development of resistance.

	~~[[Category:Anatomy]]~~		==Safety and Side Effects==
	~~[[Category:Neurology]]~~		Apramycin is generally well-tolerated in animals, but like all aminoglycosides, it can have nephrotoxic and ototoxic effects, particularly with prolonged use or at high doses. Careful dosing and monitoring are essential to minimize these risks.
	~~[[Category:Medical terminology]]~~

	~~{{anatomy~~-~~stub}}~~		==Regulation and Approval==
			Apramycin is approved for use in veterinary medicine in several countries, but its use is subject to strict regulations to ensure animal welfare and food safety. The withdrawal period for apramycin-treated animals must be observed to prevent antibiotic residues in meat and other animal products.

			==Related pages==
			* [[Aminoglycoside]]
			* [[Antibiotic resistance]]
			* [[Veterinary medicine]]
			* [[Bacterial infection]]

			==Gallery==
			<gallery>
			File:Apramycin.svg\|Chemical structure of Apramycin
			</gallery>

			[[Category:Aminoglycoside antibiotics]]
			[[Category:Veterinary drugs]]

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2024-03-09T13:23:53Z

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'''Artery of Percheron''' is a rare anatomical variant of the [[brain]]'s blood supply, specifically the [[thalamus]]. It is a solitary arterial trunk that arises from one of the [[posterior cerebral arteries]], typically the right one, and supplies both paramedian thalami and the rostral midbrain.

== Anatomy ==
The [[Artery of Percheron]] is a variant of the normal vascular supply to the thalamus. It is a solitary arterial trunk that arises from one of the [[posterior cerebral arteries]], typically the right one, and supplies both paramedian thalami and the rostral midbrain. This artery is present in approximately 12% of the population.

== Clinical significance ==
The occlusion of the artery of Percheron leads to a unique syndrome known as [[Percheron infarction]], characterized by bilateral thalamic and mesencephalic infarcts. Symptoms of this condition can include altered mental status, memory impairment, vertical gaze palsy, and other neurological deficits. Diagnosis is typically made through [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI).

== History ==
The artery of Percheron was first described by the French neurologist Gérard Percheron in the 1970s. He identified this unique vascular variant during his studies of the thalamic vascularization.

== See also ==
* [[Thalamus]]
* [[Posterior cerebral artery]]
* [[Percheron infarction]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Anatomy]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Medical terminology]]

{{anatomy-stub}}