Anesthesia - Revision history

Prab at 10:57, 26 March 2025

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 [[File:Anesthesia - The Noun Project.svg|Anesthesia - The Noun Project|thumb]]
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 In the Eastern world, references to anesthesia can be found in the 10th-century work [[Shahnama]]. The author describes a [[Caesarean section]] performed on [[Rudaba]] during childbirth, in which a special [[wine]] concoction was prepared by a [[Zoroastrian]] priest and used to induce unconsciousness for the operation. Despite the largely mythical content of the passage, it does provide some indication of knowledge of anesthesia in ancient [[Persia]].
+[[File:Fermoral nerve block.jpg|Anesthesia|thumb]]
 ===Non-Pharmacological Methods===
 [[Hypnosurgery|Hypnotism]] and [[acupuncture]] have a long history of use as anaesthetic techniques. In [[China]], [[Taoist]] medical practitioners developed anesthesia through [[acupuncture]]. Additionally, the application of cold (e.g., with [[ice]]) can temporarily halt nerve fibres ([[axon]]s) from conducting sensation, while [[hyperventilation]] can cause a brief alteration in the conscious perception of stimuli, including pain (as seen in [[Lamaze]] techniques). However, these techniques are seldom employed in modern anesthetic practice.
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 * [[Post anesthesia care unit]]
 * [[Postoperative nausea and vomiting]]
 ==References==
 <references />
 [[Category:Anesthesia]]
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Kondreddy Naveen at 21:58, 1 February 2024

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== Anesthesia ==

[[File:Anesthesia - The Noun Project.svg|Anesthesia - The Noun Project|thumb]]

'''Anesthesia''' or '''anaesthesia''' (see [[spelling differences]]), from the Greek roots ''an-'', meaning "not, without" and ''aesthētos'', meaning "perceptible, able to feel", refers to the medical practice of blocking the perception of [[pain]] and other [[sensation]]s. This concept is central to modern medicine as it allows patients to undergo [[surgery]] and other procedures without experiencing the associated pain and distress. The term was first coined by [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.]] in [[1846]].

[[File:Anesthesia medications.JPG|Anesthesia medications||thumb]]

==Understanding Anesthesia==

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The essence of anesthesia lies in its ability to create a state where the patient does not feel pain and other sensations. It is essentially achieved through a combination of five key elements:

* '''Analgesia''': This component involves blocking the conscious perception of pain.
* '''Hypnosis''': It involves inducing a state of unconsciousness.
* '''Amnesia''': This refers to the inhibition of memory formation.
* '''Relaxation''': This component ensures the prevention of unwanted movement or muscle tone.
* '''Homeostasis''': This involves the preservation of normal body functioning such as maintaining blood pressure within the normal physiological range.
==Types of Anesthesia==
Anaesthesia can be administered in several forms, each serving a unique purpose:

# '''[[General anaesthesia]]''': This involves a reversible loss of [[consciousness]] and [[memory]] of unpleasant events. It is typically used for major surgeries.
# '''[[Local anaesthesia]]''': This form of anesthesia causes a reversible loss of [[sensation]] in a specific part of the body. It is achieved by localized administration of [[anaesthetic drugs]] at the affected site.
# '''[[Regional anaesthesia]]''': This type of anesthesia causes a reversible loss of sensation and, possibly, movement in a larger region of the body. It is achieved by selectively blocking certain sections of the [[spinal cord]] or [[nerve]]s that supply the region.

[[Sedation]], although not a form of anesthesia, is also a practice that is associated with it. Sedation involves administering drugs to make a patient more comfortable or less anxious during a procedure, but without necessarily inducing anesthesia.

[[File:060727-N-9662L-003 (Jul. 27, 2006)US Navy (USN) LT. Ellen Okoniewski, Dental Officer with U.S. Naval Hospital (USNH) Guam Branch Dental Clinic, injects LT. j.g. Una Hall with a loca - DPLA - 03d815db609990f20e69db3b5bce6e58.jpeg|060727-N-9662L-003_(Jul._27,_2006)US_Navy_(USN)_LT._Ellen_Okoniewski,_Dental_Officer_with_U.S._Naval_Hospital_(USNH)_Guam_Branch_Dental_Clinic,_injects_LT._j.g._Una_Hall_with_a_loca_-_DPLA_-_03d815db609990f20e69db3b5bce6e58||thumb]]

==Historical Overview==
The use of anesthesia dates back to the classical age. For instance, [[Dioscorides]], an ancient physician, documented potions prepared from [[opium]] and [[mandragora]] that served as surgical anesthetics. There is also an account in the biblical Book of [[Genesis]] (2:20) where [[God]] puts [[Adam]] into a deep sleep, during which one of his ribs was extracted and formed into Eve.

In the Eastern world, references to anesthesia can be found in the 10th-century work [[Shahnama]]. The author describes a [[Caesarean section]] performed on [[Rudaba]] during childbirth, in which a special [[wine]] concoction was prepared by a [[Zoroastrian]] priest and used to induce unconsciousness for the operation. Despite the largely mythical content of the passage, it does provide some indication of knowledge of anesthesia in ancient [[Persia]].

===Non-Pharmacological Methods===
[[Hypnosurgery|Hypnotism]] and [[acupuncture]] have a long history of use as anaesthetic techniques. In [[China]], [[Taoist]] medical practitioners developed anesthesia through [[acupuncture]]. Additionally, the application of cold (e.g., with [[ice]]) can temporarily halt nerve fibres ([[axon]]s) from conducting sensation, while [[hyperventilation]] can cause a brief alteration in the conscious perception of stimuli, including pain (as seen in [[Lamaze]] techniques). However, these techniques are seldom employed in modern anesthetic practice.

===Use of Herbal Derivatives===
The use of [[herbalism|herbal]] anesthesia can be traced back to [[prehistory]]. [[Opium]] and [[Cannabis]] were two of the most crucial herbs used. They were either ingested or burned, and the smoke was inhaled. [[ethanol|Alcohol]] was also utilized, though its [[vasodilation|vasodilatory]] properties were unknown at the time. In early America, preparations from datura (containing [[scopolamine]]) were used, as was [[coca]]. In Medieval Europe, various preparations of [[Mandrake (plant)|mandrake]] and [[henbane]] ([[hyoscyamine]]) were tried.

===Advent of Gases and Vapours===
In [[1804]], the world's first general [[anaesthesia]] for a surgical procedure was performed by the Japanese surgeon [[Hanaoka Seishū]]. He operated on a patient with breast cancer ([[mastectomy]]) by combining Chinese herbal medicine and Western [[surgery]] techniques learnt through "[[Rangaku]]", or "Dutch studies". His pioneering work, which involved using a compound called Tsusensan (based on the plants [[Datura|Datura metel]] and [[Aconitum]] among others), was performed 40 years before the more recognized Western innovations of [[Crawford Long|Long]], [[Horace Wells|Wells]], and [[William T.G. Morton|Morton]].
===Development of Modern Anesthesia===

As medical knowledge progressed into the 19th and 20th centuries, new advancements in anesthesia came into light. The introduction of inhaled anesthetics such as ether and chloroform revolutionized surgical practices by making procedures more tolerable and safe for patients. These agents were first used by [[Crawford Long|Long]], [[Horace Wells|Wells]], and [[William T.G. Morton|Morton]], who are recognized for their significant contributions to the field of anesthesia.

The 20th century saw further advancements with the development of intravenous anesthetics and muscle relaxants. This allowed for a more profound state of anesthesia, making more complex surgeries feasible. The discovery and application of regional anesthesia techniques also advanced during this period.

==Anesthesia in Modern Medicine==

Today, anesthesia is a specialized field in medicine, with professionals (anesthesiologists) trained in the administration and management of anesthetics. Anesthesiologists are involved in a wide range of procedures beyond surgery, including pain management, critical care, and obstetrics.

Modern anesthetic techniques provide not only pain relief but also amnesia (to prevent memory formation during surgery), immobility, and maintenance of physiological homeostasis. Patient safety is of utmost importance, and anesthesiologists monitor and manage vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen levels throughout the procedure.

Anesthesia in the current era is highly patient-centric, with the type and level of anesthesia tailored to the individual's needs and the nature of the procedure. Patient comfort, safety, and outcomes are continuously improved through ongoing research and technological advancements in the field.

==frequently asked questions==
#What shouldn't you do before undergoing anesthesia? Before anesthesia, you must abstain from eating and drinking for a specified amount of time, often 6 to 8 hours before to operation. Additionally, you should avoid smoking, consuming alcohol, and taking certain drugs, such as blood thinners, without seeing your anesthesiologist or surgeon.
#What should be avoided following anesthesia? You should avoid driving, operating heavy machinery, and making significant judgments for 24 hours after anesthesia. Additionally, you should avoid ingesting alcohol and some drugs without consulting your doctor.
#How long does the body require to recover from anesthesia? The time required for the body to recover from anesthesia varies depending on the type of anaesthetic administered and the patient's medical history. Recovery timeframes typically range from a few hours to several days.
#What is the most common anesthetic complication? The most frequent side effects of anesthesia include nausea, vomiting, sore throat, and tiredness. These symptoms are typically transient and treatable with medicine.
#Why should you not use deodorant prior to surgery? You should not use deodorant before to surgery due to the possibility that it contains metals that could interfere with the imaging equipment.
#How does one recover from anesthesia? Anesthesiologists employ a combination of medicines, oxygen, and other methods to rouse patients from anesthesia. Before being discharged, the process is closely watched to verify that you are alert and steady.
#Does stress influence anesthesia? Anxiety can influence how the body reacts to anesthesia. It is essential to inform your healthcare professional of any concerns you may have regarding the surgery and anesthesia.
#Why do you behave strangely after anesthesia? Anesthesia can result in confusion, disorientation, and loss of memory. Typically, these effects are transient and will subside as the drug wears off.
#What are the adverse consequences of anesthesia? Anesthetic side effects can include nausea, vomiting, sore throat, drowsiness, and disorientation. Rarely, anesthesia can also result in more severe complications, including as allergic reactions, heart or lung difficulties, and blood clots.
#Do you dream while sedated? Some individuals may dream while under anesthesia, however the specific causes are unknown.
#Does anesthetic affect the brain? The effects of anesthesia on the brain include confusion, disorientation, and memory loss. However, the symptoms are often transient and disappear when the drug wears off.

=='''Journals'''==
Some of the most popular journals in the field of [[Anesthesia]] include:
* [[Anesthesiology (journal)]]
* [[European Journal of Anaesthesiology]]
* [[Journal of Clinical Anesthesia]]
* [[Anesthesia & Analgesia]]
* [[Current Opinion in Anesthesiology]]
* [[Anaesthesia (journal)]]
* [[British Journal of Anaesthesia]]
* [[American Association of Nurse Anesthesiology]] journal

== See also == 
* [[Dictionary of anesthesia]]
* [[Allergic reactions during anaesthesia]]
* [[Analgesic]]
* [[Anesthesia awareness]]
* [[Capnography]]
* [[Latex allergy]]
* [[Malignant hyperthermia]]
* [[Post anesthesia care unit]]
* [[Postoperative nausea and vomiting]]

==External links== 
* Patient information
** [http://www.gasnet.org/patientlinks.php Information for patients]
** [http://www.oyston.com/anaes/ Patient's guides and more anaesthesia-related information]
** [http://www.aana.com/aboutaana.aspx?ucNavMenu_TSMenuTargetID=179&ucNavMenu_TSMenuTargetType=4&ucNavMenu_TSMenuID=6&id=259 No Significant Differences in Anesthesia Outcome by Provider]
* Historical
** [http://www.histansoc.org.uk/ History of Anaesthesia society]
** [http://www.anesthesia-nursing.com/ether.html The Unusual History of Ether]
** [http://neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu/History/ether3.htm Conquering surgical pain: Four men stake their claim]
** [http://www.hmcnet.harvard.edu/anesthesia/history/vandam.html A History of Anaesthesia at Harvard University]
* Worldwide anaesthesia associations and links
** [http://www.aagbi.org/ Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland]
** [http://www.aana.com/ American Association of Nurse Anesthetists]
** [http://www.asahq.org/ American Society of Anesthesiologists]
** [http://www.nzats.co.nz/ New Zealand Anaesthetic Technicians Society]
** [http://www.rcoa.ac.uk/ Royal College of Anaesthetist], UK professional body for anaesthetist
** [http://www.frca.co.uk/ FRCA UK]United Kingdom Resource for professional anaesthesist in training
* Anaesthesia resources
* [http://www.wikithesia.org wikithesia.org] The anaesthesia wiki for anaesthetists by anaesthetists
* [http://journalreview.org/spage.php?specialty_id=2&sdesc=Anesthesia On-Line Anesthesia Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)]
* [http://www.nda.ox.ac.uk/wfsa/ World Anaesthesia Online], international resource of anaesthetic articles
* [http://www.nysora.com/ New York School of Regional Anesthesia], par excellence resource for regional anesthesia
* [http://bhhdoa.org.au/aip/ An anaesthesia trainee's guide to anaesthesia from a patient's perspective]
* [http://www.gasnet.org/ Gasnet], a comprehensive anaesthesiology resource
* [http://www.bartleby.com/65/ac/acupunct.html Columbia Encyclopedia-Acupuncture]
* [http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/biomed/his/painexhibit/index.html University of California Pain Alleviation and Anesthesia Exhibit]
* [http://www.newmediamedicine.com/forum/forumdisplay.php?f=97 Anesthesiology Careers Forum]

==References==

<references />
[[Category:Anesthesia]]
[[Category:Medical treatments]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
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