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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Aflatoxin M1, a mycotoxin found in milk and dairy products}}<br />
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==Aflatoxin M1==<br />
[[File:Aflatoxin_M1_3D_BS.png|3D structure of Aflatoxin M1|thumb|right]]<br />
'''Aflatoxin M1''' is a type of [[mycotoxin]] that is a metabolite of [[aflatoxin B1]], produced by certain species of the [[Aspergillus]] fungus, notably ''[[Aspergillus flavus]]'' and ''[[Aspergillus parasiticus]]''. It is commonly found in the milk of animals that have ingested feed contaminated with aflatoxin B1. Aflatoxin M1 is of significant concern due to its potential health impacts on humans and animals.<br />
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==Chemical Properties==<br />
Aflatoxin M1 is a hydroxylated derivative of aflatoxin B1. It is relatively stable under pasteurization conditions, which means it can persist in milk and dairy products even after processing. The chemical structure of aflatoxin M1 includes a lactone ring and a furan ring, contributing to its stability and toxicity.<br />
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==Sources and Occurrence==<br />
Aflatoxin M1 is primarily found in milk and dairy products. It can also be present in the milk of humans who consume contaminated food. The presence of aflatoxin M1 in milk is directly related to the levels of aflatoxin B1 in animal feed. When animals consume contaminated feed, aflatoxin B1 is metabolized in the liver and converted to aflatoxin M1, which is then excreted in the milk.<br />
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==Health Effects==<br />
[[File:41598_2018_35246_Fig1_HTML.png|Aflatoxin M1 detection in milk samples|thumb|left]]<br />
Aflatoxin M1 is classified as a Group 1 human carcinogen by the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] (IARC). It poses a risk of liver cancer and other health issues, particularly in populations with high milk consumption. The risk is compounded in regions where aflatoxin contamination of feed is poorly controlled.<br />
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==Regulation and Control==<br />
Many countries have established regulatory limits for aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products to protect public health. These limits vary, with the [[European Union]] setting a maximum level of 0.05 µg/kg in milk. Monitoring and controlling aflatoxin levels in animal feed is crucial to prevent contamination of milk.<br />
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==Detection Methods==<br />
Various analytical methods are used to detect aflatoxin M1 in milk, including [[high-performance liquid chromatography]] (HPLC) and [[enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay]] (ELISA). These methods allow for the sensitive and accurate quantification of aflatoxin M1, ensuring compliance with safety standards.<br />
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==Prevention Strategies==<br />
Preventing aflatoxin M1 contamination involves controlling aflatoxin B1 levels in animal feed. This can be achieved through proper storage of feed, use of antifungal agents, and regular testing for aflatoxin contamination. Educating farmers and feed producers about the risks and prevention methods is also essential.<br />
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==Related Pages==<br />
* [[Aflatoxin]]<br />
* [[Mycotoxin]]<br />
* [[Aspergillus]]<br />
* [[Carcinogen]]<br />
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[[Category:Mycotoxins]]<br />
[[Category:Carcinogens]]<br />
[[Category:Food safety]]</div>Prab