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'''Adiponectin''' is a protein hormone that is involved in regulating glucose levels as well as fatty acid breakdown. It is encoded by the [[ADIPOQ]] gene in humans. Adiponectin is produced and secreted by [[adipose tissue]] (fat cells) and is found in the bloodstream. It plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes, including [[glucose regulation]] and [[fatty acid oxidation]].

== Structure and Function ==
Adiponectin is a 244-amino acid protein that circulates in the blood in relatively high concentrations. It exists in multiple forms, including low-molecular-weight trimers, medium-molecular-weight hexamers, and high-molecular-weight multimers. The high-molecular-weight form is believed to be the most biologically active.

Adiponectin enhances the body's sensitivity to [[insulin]], making it a key player in the management of [[type 2 diabetes]]. It also has anti-inflammatory properties and is involved in the suppression of metabolic derangements that may result in [[obesity]], [[type 2 diabetes]], [[atherosclerosis]], and [[non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]] (NAFLD).

== Mechanism of Action ==
Adiponectin exerts its effects by binding to specific receptors, known as [[Adiponectin receptor|adiponectin receptors]] (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2), which are widely distributed in various tissues, including the [[liver]], [[skeletal muscle]], and [[endothelial cells]]. Upon binding to these receptors, adiponectin activates several intracellular signaling pathways, including the [[AMP-activated protein kinase]] (AMPK) pathway and the [[peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha]] (PPAR-α) pathway. These pathways play a significant role in enhancing insulin sensitivity and promoting fatty acid oxidation.

== Clinical Significance ==
Low levels of adiponectin are associated with several metabolic disorders, including [[obesity]], [[type 2 diabetes]], [[cardiovascular disease]], and [[metabolic syndrome]]. Conversely, higher levels of adiponectin are generally associated with a reduced risk of these conditions. Therefore, adiponectin is considered a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic diseases.

== Research and Therapeutic Potential ==
Research is ongoing to develop therapies that can increase adiponectin levels or mimic its action. Such therapies could potentially be used to treat conditions like [[type 2 diabetes]], [[obesity]], and [[cardiovascular disease]]. Additionally, lifestyle interventions such as [[diet]] and [[exercise]] have been shown to increase adiponectin levels, thereby improving metabolic health.

== See Also ==
* [[Adipose tissue]]
* [[Insulin resistance]]
* [[Type 2 diabetes]]
* [[Metabolic syndrome]]
* [[Cardiovascular disease]]
* [[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]]
* [[AMP-activated protein kinase]]
* [[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External Links ==
{{Commons category|Adiponectin}}

[[Category:Hormones]]
[[Category:Proteins]]
[[Category:Metabolism]]
[[Category:Diabetes]]
[[Category:Obesity]]
[[Category:Cardiovascular diseases]]

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Adiponectin - Revision history

Prab at 16:45, 22 March 2025

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