Addiction - Revision history

Prab at 22:27, 26 April 2025

2025-04-26T22:27:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:27, 26 April 2025
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	{{Infobox medical condition		{{Infobox medical condition
	\| name = Addiction		\| name = Addiction
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	}}		}}
	[[File:Brain metabolism and drug addiction.jpg\|thumb\|Brain metabolism and drug addiction]]		[[File:Brain metabolism and drug addiction.jpg\|thumb\|Brain metabolism and drug addiction]]
	~~[[File:ŒîFosB accumulation.svg\|thumb\|ŒîFosB accumulation in addiction]]~~
	[[File:An alcoholic man with delirium Wellcome L0060780 (level correction).jpg\|thumb\|An alcoholic man experiencing delirium]]		[[File:An alcoholic man with delirium Wellcome L0060780 (level correction).jpg\|thumb\|An alcoholic man experiencing delirium]]

	'''Addiction''' is a complex, chronic brain disorder characterized by compulsive substance use or behavior despite harmful consequences. Individuals with addiction, also referred to as severe substance use disorder, exhibit an intense focus on using certain substances‚Äîsuch as [[alcohol]] or [[drugs]]‚Äîto the extent that it dominates their daily life and functioning.		'''Addiction''' is a complex, chronic brain disorder characterized by compulsive substance use or behavior despite harmful consequences. Individuals with addiction, also referred to as severe substance use disorder, exhibit an intense focus on using certain substances‚Äîsuch as [[alcohol]] or [[drugs]]‚Äîto the extent that it dominates their daily life and functioning.

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	{{Portal bar\|Psychology\|Medicine\|Biology}}		{{Portal bar\|Psychology\|Medicine\|Biology}}
	{{stub}}		{{stub}}

	[[Category:Addiction\| ]]		[[Category:Addiction\| ]]
	[[Category:Behavioral addiction\|*]]		[[Category:Behavioral addiction\|*]]
	[[Category:Brain disorders]]		[[Category:Brain disorders]]
	[[Category:Substance-related disorders]]		[[Category:Substance-related disorders]]

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2025-04-04T03:24:02Z

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Prab at 08:08, 21 March 2025

2025-03-21T08:08:37Z

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2025-02-20T00:51:27Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 00:51, 20 February 2025
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	File:ΔFosB accumulation.svg\|ΔFosB accumulation		File:ΔFosB accumulation.svg\|ΔFosB accumulation
	File:An alcoholic man with delirium Wellcome L0060780 (level correction).jpg\|An alcoholic man with delirium		File:An alcoholic man with delirium Wellcome L0060780 (level correction).jpg\|An alcoholic man with delirium
			</gallery>
			<gallery>
			File:Brain metabolism and drug addiction.jpg\|Addiction
			File:ΔFosB accumulation.svg\|Addiction
	</gallery>		</gallery>

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	[[Category:Brain disorders]]		[[Category:Brain disorders]]
	[[Category:Substance-related disorders]]		[[Category:Substance-related disorders]]
			== Addiction ==
			<gallery>
			File:Brain metabolism and drug addiction.jpg\|Brain metabolism and drug addiction
			File:ΔFosB accumulation.svg\|ΔFosB accumulation
			File:An alcoholic man with delirium Wellcome L0060780 (level correction).jpg\|An alcoholic man with delirium
			</gallery>

Prab at 16:17, 5 January 2025

2025-01-05T16:17:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:17, 5 January 2025
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	* [[Substance abuse prevention]]		* [[Substance abuse prevention]]
	* [[Substance dependence]]		* [[Substance dependence]]
			{{Addiction\|state=collapsed}}
			{{Drug use\|state=collapsed}}
			{{Portal bar\|Psychology\|Medicine\|Biology}}
	{{stub}}		{{stub}}
			[[Category:Addiction\| ]]
	[[Category:Addiction]]		[[Category:Behavioral addiction\|*]]
	[[Category:~~Drug and alcohol rehabilitation~~]]		[[Category:Brain disorders]]
	[[Category:~~Psychiatric diagnosis~~]]
	[[Category:Substance-related disorders]]		[[Category:Substance-related disorders]]
	~~[[Category:Behavioral addiction]]~~
	~~[[Category:Mental and behavioural disorders]]~~

Prab at 16:15, 5 January 2025

2025-01-05T16:15:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:15, 5 January 2025
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	''Addiction''' is a complex condition, a brain disease that is manifested by compulsive substance use despite harmful ~~consequence~~. People with addiction (severe substance use disorder) have an intense focus on using a certain substance(s), such as alcohol or drugs, to the point that it takes over their life.		'''Addiction''' is a complex condition, a brain disease that is manifested by compulsive substance use despite harmful consequences. People with addiction (severe substance use disorder) have an intense focus on using a certain substance(s), such as alcohol or drugs, to the point that it takes over their life.
	~~{{Addiction glossary}}~~
	== Overview ==		== Overview ==
	The term addiction does not only refer to dependence on substances such as heroin or cocaine. A person who cannot stop taking a particular drug or chemical has a substance dependence.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Volkow\|first1=ND\|last2=Koob\|first2=GF\|last3=McLellan\|first3=AT\|title=Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction\|journal=New England Journal of Medicine\|volume=374\|issue=4\|pages=363–371\|year=2016\|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1511480\|pmid=26816013}}</ref>		The term addiction does not only refer to dependence on substances such as [[heroin]] or [[cocaine]]. A person who cannot stop taking a particular drug or chemical has a substance dependence.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Volkow\|first1=ND\|last2=Koob\|first2=GF\|last3=McLellan\|first3=AT\|title=Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction\|journal=New England Journal of Medicine\|volume=374\|issue=4\|pages=363–371\|year=2016\|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1511480\|pmid=26816013}}</ref>

	== Types of Addiction ==		== Types of Addiction ==

	=== Substance Addiction ===		=== Substance Addiction ===

	* [[Alcoholism]]		* [[Alcoholism]]
	* [[Tobacco addiction]]		* [[Tobacco addiction]]
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	* [[Cocaine addiction]]		* [[Cocaine addiction]]
	* [[Amphetamine addiction]]		* [[Amphetamine addiction]]

	=== Behavioral Addiction ===		=== Behavioral Addiction ===

	* [[Gambling addiction]]		* [[Gambling addiction]]
	* [[Sex addiction]]		* [[Sex addiction]]
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	* [[Food addiction]]		* [[Food addiction]]
	* [[Exercise addiction]]		* [[Exercise addiction]]

	== Pathophysiology ==		== Pathophysiology ==
	Addiction affects the brain's reward, motivation, memory, and related circuitry. Dysfunction in these circuits leads to characteristic biological, psychological, social, and spiritual manifestations. This is reflected in an individual pathologically pursuing reward and/or relief by substance use and other behaviors.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Koob\|first1=GF\|last2=Volkow\|first2=ND\|title=Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis\|journal=Lancet Psychiatry\|volume=3\|issue=8\|pages=760–773\|year=2016\|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00104-8\|pmid=27475769}}</ref>		Addiction affects the brain's [[reward system]], motivation, memory, and related circuitry. Dysfunction in these circuits leads to characteristic biological, psychological, social, and spiritual manifestations. This is reflected in an individual pathologically pursuing reward and/or relief by substance use and other behaviors.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Koob\|first1=GF\|last2=Volkow\|first2=ND\|title=Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis\|journal=Lancet Psychiatry\|volume=3\|issue=8\|pages=760–773\|year=2016\|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00104-8\|pmid=27475769}}</ref>

	== Diagnosis ==		== Diagnosis ==
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	== Treatment ==		== Treatment ==
	Treatment for addiction varies and is tailored to the individual's needs. This could involve ~~counselling~~, medication, or both. Many people with addiction overcome their ~~addiction~~ with professional help.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=McLellan\|first1=AT\|last2=Woodworth\|first2=AM\|title=The Affordable Care Act and treatment for "substance use disorders:" Implications of ending segregated behavioral healthcare\|journal=Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment\|volume=46\|issue=5\|pages=541–545\|year=2014\|doi=10.1016/j.jsat.2014.01.008\|pmid=24572761}}</ref>		Treatment for addiction varies and is tailored to the individual's needs. This could involve [[counseling]], [[medication]], or both. Many people with addiction overcome their condition with professional help.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=McLellan\|first1=AT\|last2=Woodworth\|first2=AM\|title=The Affordable Care Act and treatment for "substance use disorders:" Implications of ending segregated behavioral healthcare\|journal=Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment\|volume=46\|issue=5\|pages=541–545\|year=2014\|doi=10.1016/j.jsat.2014.01.008\|pmid=24572761}}</ref>

	== Risk Factors ==		== Risk Factors ==
			Several factors can increase the risk of developing addiction, including:
	~~There are several~~ factors ~~that~~ can increase the risk of developing an addiction, including:
	* '''Genetic susceptibility:''' Genetics account for about half of a person's likelihood to experience addiction. Those with parents or siblings who have struggled with addiction are statistically more likely to develop an addiction.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Volkow\|first1=ND\|last2=Swanson\|first2=JM\|last3=Evins\|first3=AE\|title=Effects of Cannabis Use on Human Behavior, Including Cognition, Motivation, and Psychosis: A Review\|journal=JAMA Psychiatry\|volume=73\|issue=3\|pages=292–297\|year=2016\|doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.3278\|pmid=26842658}}</ref>		* '''Genetic susceptibility:''' Genetics account for about half of a person's likelihood to experience addiction. Those with parents or siblings who have struggled with addiction are statistically more likely to develop an addiction.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Volkow\|first1=ND\|last2=Swanson\|first2=JM\|last3=Evins\|first3=AE\|title=Effects of Cannabis Use on Human Behavior, Including Cognition, Motivation, and Psychosis: A Review\|journal=JAMA Psychiatry\|volume=73\|issue=3\|pages=292–297\|year=2016\|doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.3278\|pmid=26842658}}</ref>
	* '''Environmental factors:''' ~~These include cultural~~ attitudes ~~towards~~ drug ~~use,~~ availability ~~of drugs~~, peer influences, and ~~various~~ life stressors.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Sinha\|first1=R\|title=Chronic stress, drug use, and vulnerability to addiction\|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences\|volume=1141\|issue=1\|pages=105–130\|year=2008\|doi=10.1196/annals.1441.030\|pmid=18991954}}</ref>		* '''Environmental factors:''' Cultural attitudes, drug availability, peer influences, and life stressors are significant factors.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Sinha\|first1=R\|title=Chronic stress, drug use, and vulnerability to addiction\|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences\|volume=1141\|issue=1\|pages=105–130\|year=2008\|doi=10.1196/annals.1441.030\|pmid=18991954}}</ref>
	* '''Psychological factors:''' ~~Individuals with mental~~ health disorders such as depression and anxiety ~~are more likely to experience addiction. Furthermore~~, ~~individuals with certain~~ personality traits~~, such as high~~ impulsivity or sensation seeking~~, may be more prone to addictive behavior~~.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Conway\|first1=KP\|last2=Compton\|first2=W\|last3=Stinson\|first3=FS\|title=Lifetime comorbidity of DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders and specific drug use disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions\|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychiatry\|volume=67\|issue=2\|pages=247–257\|year=2006\|pmid=16566619}}</ref>		* '''Psychological factors:''' Mental health disorders, such as [[depression]] and [[anxiety]], and personality traits like impulsivity or sensation-seeking can increase the risk.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Conway\|first1=KP\|last2=Compton\|first2=W\|last3=Stinson\|first3=FS\|title=Lifetime comorbidity of DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders and specific drug use disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions\|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychiatry\|volume=67\|issue=2\|pages=247–257\|year=2006\|pmid=16566619}}</ref>

	== Prevention ==		== Prevention ==
	Prevention strategies aim to reduce risk factors and increase protective factors~~. This can be done through~~:		Prevention strategies aim to reduce risk factors and increase protective factors, including:
	* '''School-based prevention programs:''' These have been proven to reduce the risk of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Faggiano\|first1=F\|last2=Vigna-Taglianti\|first2=FD\|last3=Burkhart\|first3=G\|title=The effectiveness of a school-based substance abuse prevention program: 18-Month follow-up of the EU-Dap cluster randomized controlled trial\|journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence\|volume=108\|issue=1–2\|pages=56–64\|year=2010\|doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.11.018\|pmid=20047888}}</ref>		* '''School-based prevention programs:''' These have been proven to reduce the risk of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Faggiano\|first1=F\|last2=Vigna-Taglianti\|first2=FD\|last3=Burkhart\|first3=G\|title=The effectiveness of a school-based substance abuse prevention program: 18-Month follow-up of the EU-Dap cluster randomized controlled trial\|journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence\|volume=108\|issue=1–2\|pages=56–64\|year=2010\|doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.11.018\|pmid=20047888}}</ref>
	* '''Community-based programs:''' ~~Programs that target the community~~, including ~~parents and~~ families, can also ~~help in preventing~~ substance use disorders.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Hawkins\|first1=JD\|last2=Oesterle\|first2=S\|last3=Brown\|first3=EC\|title=Youth problem behaviors 8 years after implementing the communities that care prevention system: a community-randomized trial\|journal=JAMA Pediatrics\|volume=168\|issue=2\|pages=122–129\|year=2014\|doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.4009\|pmid=24285388}}</ref>		* '''Community-based programs:''' Targeting communities, including families, can also prevent substance use disorders.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Hawkins\|first1=JD\|last2=Oesterle\|first2=S\|last3=Brown\|first3=EC\|title=Youth problem behaviors 8 years after implementing the communities that care prevention system: a community-randomized trial\|journal=JAMA Pediatrics\|volume=168\|issue=2\|pages=122–129\|year=2014\|doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.4009\|pmid=24285388}}</ref>

	== Prognosis ==		== Prognosis ==
	The prognosis of addiction varies and ~~is largely dependent~~ on the individual's commitment to recovery and adherence to treatment. Some ~~people are able to~~ overcome addiction and lead normal lives, while others may ~~struggle with~~ relapses.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=McLellan\|first1=AT\|last2=Lewis\|first2=DC\|last3=O'Brien\|first3=CP\|title=Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation\|journal=JAMA\|volume=284\|issue=13\|pages=1689–1695\|year=2000\|doi=10.1001/jama.284.13.1689\|pmid=11015800}}</ref>		The prognosis of addiction varies and depends on the individual's commitment to recovery and adherence to treatment. Some individuals overcome addiction and lead normal lives, while others may experience relapses.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=McLellan\|first1=AT\|last2=Lewis\|first2=DC\|last3=O'Brien\|first3=CP\|title=Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation\|journal=JAMA\|volume=284\|issue=13\|pages=1689–1695\|year=2000\|doi=10.1001/jama.284.13.1689\|pmid=11015800}}</ref>

	== Society and Culture ==		== Society and Culture ==
			Addiction has significant societal and cultural implications, including links to crime, unemployment, and domestic violence. The stigma associated with addiction often prevents individuals from seeking help.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Ahern\|first1=J\|last2=Stuber\|first2=J\|last3=Galea\|first3=S\|title=Stigma, discrimination and the health of illicit drug users\|journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence\|volume=88\|issue=2–3\|pages=188–196\|year=2007\|doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.014\|pmid=17118578}}</ref>
	Addiction has significant societal and cultural implications~~. It has been linked~~ to crime, unemployment, and domestic violence. ~~Furthermore, the~~ stigma associated with addiction ~~can~~ often ~~prevent~~ individuals from seeking help.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Ahern\|first1=J\|last2=Stuber\|first2=J\|last3=Galea\|first3=S\|title=Stigma, discrimination and the health of illicit drug users\|journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence\|volume=88\|issue=2–3\|pages=188–196\|year=2007\|doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.014\|pmid=17118578}}</ref>

	== See Also ==		== See Also ==
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	* [[Substance abuse prevention]]		* [[Substance abuse prevention]]
	* [[Substance dependence]]		* [[Substance dependence]]
	~~== References ==~~
	~~<references />~~
	{{stub}}		{{stub}}

	[[Category:Addiction]]		[[Category:Addiction]]
	[[Category:Drug and alcohol rehabilitation]]		[[Category:Drug and alcohol rehabilitation]]

Prab at 18:05, 28 April 2024

2024-04-28T18:05:58Z

New page

''Addiction''' is a complex condition, a brain disease that is manifested by compulsive substance use despite harmful consequence. People with addiction (severe substance use disorder) have an intense focus on using a certain substance(s), such as alcohol or drugs, to the point that it takes over their life.
{{Addiction glossary}}
== Overview ==
The term addiction does not only refer to dependence on substances such as heroin or cocaine. A person who cannot stop taking a particular drug or chemical has a substance dependence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Volkow|first1=ND|last2=Koob|first2=GF|last3=McLellan|first3=AT|title=Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=374|issue=4|pages=363–371|year=2016|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1511480|pmid=26816013}}</ref>

== Types of Addiction ==

=== Substance Addiction ===

* [[Alcoholism]]
* [[Tobacco addiction]]
* [[Opioid addiction]]
* [[Cannabis (drug)|Cannabis addiction]]
* [[Cocaine addiction]]
* [[Amphetamine addiction]]
=== Behavioral Addiction ===

* [[Gambling addiction]]
* [[Sex addiction]]
* [[Internet addiction]]
* [[Video game addiction]]
* [[Food addiction]]
* [[Exercise addiction]]
== Pathophysiology ==
Addiction affects the brain's reward, motivation, memory, and related circuitry. Dysfunction in these circuits leads to characteristic biological, psychological, social, and spiritual manifestations. This is reflected in an individual pathologically pursuing reward and/or relief by substance use and other behaviors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Koob|first1=GF|last2=Volkow|first2=ND|title=Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis|journal=Lancet Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=8|pages=760–773|year=2016|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00104-8|pmid=27475769}}</ref>

== Diagnosis ==
The diagnosis of addiction often involves criteria such as the issues caused by the addiction, the inability to stop the addictive behavior, and the development of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=American Psychiatric Association|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®)|publisher=American Psychiatric Pub|year=2013|isbn=9780890425572|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>

== Treatment ==
Treatment for addiction varies and is tailored to the individual's needs. This could involve counselling, medication, or both. Many people with addiction overcome their addiction with professional help.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McLellan|first1=AT|last2=Woodworth|first2=AM|title=The Affordable Care Act and treatment for "substance use disorders:" Implications of ending segregated behavioral healthcare|journal=Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment|volume=46|issue=5|pages=541–545|year=2014|doi=10.1016/j.jsat.2014.01.008|pmid=24572761}}</ref>

== Risk Factors ==

There are several factors that can increase the risk of developing an addiction, including:
* '''Genetic susceptibility:''' Genetics account for about half of a person's likelihood to experience addiction. Those with parents or siblings who have struggled with addiction are statistically more likely to develop an addiction.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Volkow|first1=ND|last2=Swanson|first2=JM|last3=Evins|first3=AE|title=Effects of Cannabis Use on Human Behavior, Including Cognition, Motivation, and Psychosis: A Review|journal=JAMA Psychiatry|volume=73|issue=3|pages=292–297|year=2016|doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.3278|pmid=26842658}}</ref>
* '''Environmental factors:''' These include cultural attitudes towards drug use, availability of drugs, peer influences, and various life stressors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sinha|first1=R|title=Chronic stress, drug use, and vulnerability to addiction|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume=1141|issue=1|pages=105–130|year=2008|doi=10.1196/annals.1441.030|pmid=18991954}}</ref>
* '''Psychological factors:''' Individuals with mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety are more likely to experience addiction. Furthermore, individuals with certain personality traits, such as high impulsivity or sensation seeking, may be more prone to addictive behavior.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Conway|first1=KP|last2=Compton|first2=W|last3=Stinson|first3=FS|title=Lifetime comorbidity of DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders and specific drug use disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=67|issue=2|pages=247–257|year=2006|pmid=16566619}}</ref>

== Prevention ==
Prevention strategies aim to reduce risk factors and increase protective factors. This can be done through:
* '''School-based prevention programs:''' These have been proven to reduce the risk of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Faggiano|first1=F|last2=Vigna-Taglianti|first2=FD|last3=Burkhart|first3=G|title=The effectiveness of a school-based substance abuse prevention program: 18-Month follow-up of the EU-Dap cluster randomized controlled trial|journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence|volume=108|issue=1–2|pages=56–64|year=2010|doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.11.018|pmid=20047888}}</ref>
* '''Community-based programs:''' Programs that target the community, including parents and families, can also help in preventing substance use disorders.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hawkins|first1=JD|last2=Oesterle|first2=S|last3=Brown|first3=EC|title=Youth problem behaviors 8 years after implementing the communities that care prevention system: a community-randomized trial|journal=JAMA Pediatrics|volume=168|issue=2|pages=122–129|year=2014|doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.4009|pmid=24285388}}</ref>

== Prognosis ==
The prognosis of addiction varies and is largely dependent on the individual's commitment to recovery and adherence to treatment. Some people are able to overcome addiction and lead normal lives, while others may struggle with relapses.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McLellan|first1=AT|last2=Lewis|first2=DC|last3=O'Brien|first3=CP|title=Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation|journal=JAMA|volume=284|issue=13|pages=1689–1695|year=2000|doi=10.1001/jama.284.13.1689|pmid=11015800}}</ref>

== Society and Culture ==

Addiction has significant societal and cultural implications. It has been linked to crime, unemployment, and domestic violence. Furthermore, the stigma associated with addiction can often prevent individuals from seeking help.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ahern|first1=J|last2=Stuber|first2=J|last3=Galea|first3=S|title=Stigma, discrimination and the health of illicit drug users|journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence|volume=88|issue=2–3|pages=188–196|year=2007|doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.014|pmid=17118578}}</ref>

== See Also ==
* [[Relapse prevention]]
* [[Self-help groups for mental health]]
* [[Substance abuse prevention]]
* [[Substance dependence]]
== References ==
<references />
{{stub}}
[[Category:Addiction]]
[[Category:Drug and alcohol rehabilitation]]
[[Category:Psychiatric diagnosis]]
[[Category:Substance-related disorders]]
[[Category:Behavioral addiction]]
[[Category:Mental and behavioural disorders]]