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	[[Category:Mathematics]]		[[Category:Mathematics]]
	[[Category:History of mathematics]]		[[Category:History of mathematics]]
			<gallery>
			File:Abacus_(PSF).png\|Abacus
			File:Salaminische_Tafel_Salamis_Tablet_nach_Wilhelm_Kubitschek_Numismatische_Zeitschrift_Bd_31_Wien_1899_p._394_ff.jpg\|Salamis Tablet
			File:RomanAbacusRecon.jpg\|Roman Abacus Reconstruction
			File:Abacus_6.png\|Abacus
			File:Soroban.JPG\|Soroban
			File:Quipu.png\|Quipu
			File:Yupana_1.png\|Yupana
			File:Schoty_abacus.jpg\|Schoty Abacus
			File:Kugleramme.jpg\|Kugleramme
			File:Telraam.JPG\|Telraam
			File:Gregor_Reisch,_Margarita_Philosophica,_1508_(1230x1615).png\|Margarita Philosophica
			File:Rechentisch.png\|Rechentisch
			</gallery>

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== Abacus ==

[[File:Abacus (PSF).png|thumb|Traditional abacus]]

The '''abacus''' is a calculating tool that has been used since ancient times. It consists of a frame with rods, on which beads are moved to perform arithmetic calculations. The abacus is still used today in some parts of the world, particularly in Asia, for teaching arithmetic to children and for practical calculations.

== History ==

The abacus has a long history, with its origins tracing back to ancient civilizations. The earliest known abacus was used by the [[Sumerians]] and later by the [[Babylonians]]. The device evolved over time, with different cultures developing their own versions.

=== Ancient Abacuses ===

[[File:Salaminische Tafel Salamis Tablet nach Wilhelm Kubitschek Numismatische Zeitschrift Bd 31 Wien 1899 p. 394 ff.jpg|thumb|Salamis Tablet]]

The [[Salamis Tablet]], dating back to around 300 BC, is one of the earliest known counting boards. It was used by the [[Greeks]] and is considered a precursor to the modern abacus.

=== Roman Abacus ===

[[File:RomanAbacusRecon.jpg|thumb|Roman abacus reconstruction]]

The [[Romans]] developed their own version of the abacus, which was a portable device made of metal or wood. It was used for calculations in commerce and engineering.

=== Chinese Abacus ===

The [[Chinese abacus]], known as the [[suanpan]], was developed around the 2nd century BC. It typically has two beads on the upper deck and five beads on the lower deck, allowing for complex calculations.

=== Japanese Abacus ===

[[File:Soroban.JPG|thumb|Japanese soroban]]

The [[Japanese abacus]], or [[soroban]], is a simplified version of the Chinese abacus. It has one bead on the upper deck and four beads on the lower deck, and is still used in Japan today.

== Variants ==

=== Quipu ===

[[File:Quipu.png|thumb|Quipu]]

The [[quipu]] was used by the [[Inca Empire]] as a recording device. It consisted of colored threads and knots, and while not an abacus in the traditional sense, it served a similar purpose in keeping numerical records.

=== Yupana ===

[[File:Yupana 1.png|thumb|Yupana]]

The [[yupana]] was another calculating device used by the Incas. It was a grid-like structure used for arithmetic operations.

=== Russian Abacus ===

[[File:Schoty abacus.jpg|thumb|Russian schoty]]

The [[Russian abacus]], or [[schoty]], is a single-deck abacus used in Russia. It is still used in some shops and markets for quick calculations.

=== European Abacus ===

[[File:Kugleramme.jpg|thumb|European abacus]]

The European abacus, or [[Kugleramme]], was used in medieval Europe. It was similar to the Roman abacus but adapted for the decimal system.

== Modern Use ==

The abacus is still used in some parts of the world, particularly in [[Asia]], for teaching arithmetic to children. It is valued for its ability to enhance mental calculation skills and improve concentration.

== Related Pages ==

* [[Calculator]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[History of mathematics]]
* [[Numerical cognition]]

== Gallery ==

<gallery>
File:Telraam.JPG|Telraam
File:Gregor Reisch, Margarita Philosophica, 1508 (1230x1615).png|Illustration from Margarita Philosophica
</gallery>

[[Category:Calculating tools]]
[[Category:Mathematics]]
[[Category:History of mathematics]]

Abacus - Revision history

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