Editing Uremia

{{SI}} 
{{Infobox medical condition
| name            = Uremia
| image           = [[File:Uremic_frost_on_forehead_and_scalp_of_young_Afro-Caribbean_male.jpg|250px]]
| caption         = Uremic frost on the forehead and scalp of a young Afro-Caribbean male
| field           = [[Nephrology]]
| symptoms        = [[Fatigue (medical)|Fatigue]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[anorexia (symptom)|anorexia]], [[pruritus]], [[confusion]], [[seizures]]
| complications   = [[Pericarditis]], [[encephalopathy]], [[bleeding diathesis]]
| onset           = Gradual
| duration        = Variable
| causes          = [[Chronic kidney disease]], [[acute kidney injury]]
| risks           = [[Diabetes mellitus]], [[hypertension]], [[glomerulonephritis]]
| diagnosis       = [[Blood urea nitrogen]] (BUN) and [[creatinine]] levels, clinical evaluation
| differential    = [[Hepatic encephalopathy]], [[metabolic acidosis]], [[electrolyte imbalance]]
| treatment       = [[Dialysis]], [[kidney transplantation]]
| prognosis       = Variable, depends on underlying cause and treatment
| frequency       = Common in advanced [[kidney disease]]
}}
[[File:Harnstoff.svg|Uremia|thumb|left]]
'''Uremia''' is a clinical condition associated with the accumulation of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood, which are normally excreted by the kidneys. This condition is often a result of [[chronic kidney disease]] (CKD) or [[acute kidney injury]] (AKI).
== Signs and Symptoms ==
The symptoms of uremia can vary widely but often include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and neurological disturbances such as confusion or seizures. Patients may also exhibit signs of [[pericarditis]], [[pleuritis]], and [[uremic frost]], a condition where urea crystals deposit on the skin, particularly noticeable on the face and scalp.
== Pathophysiology ==
Uremia occurs when the kidneys are unable to filter waste products from the blood effectively. This leads to an accumulation of urea and other toxins, which can affect multiple organ systems. The exact mechanisms by which these toxins cause symptoms are complex and involve alterations in metabolic processes, inflammation, and oxidative stress.
== Diagnosis ==
Diagnosis of uremia is primarily based on laboratory tests that show elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. Additional tests may include electrolyte levels, complete blood count, and imaging studies to assess kidney function and structure.
== Treatment ==
The primary treatment for uremia is addressing the underlying cause of kidney dysfunction. In cases of chronic kidney disease, this may involve lifestyle changes, medications, and eventually [[dialysis]] or [[kidney transplantation]]. Acute kidney injury may require temporary dialysis until kidney function recovers.
== Prognosis ==
The prognosis for individuals with uremia depends on the underlying cause and the effectiveness of treatment. Early detection and management of kidney disease can improve outcomes significantly.
== See also ==
* [[Chronic kidney disease]]
* [[Acute kidney injury]]
* [[Dialysis]]
* [[Kidney transplantation]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[File:Harnstoff.svg|left|thumb|Chemical structure of urea]]
[[Category:Kidney diseases]]
[[Category:Metabolic disorders]]