Variolation
Variolation (pronounced: vair-ee-oh-LAY-shun) is a historical method of immunization against smallpox. The term is derived from the Latin Variola, the scientific name for smallpox.
Etymology
The term "variolation" is derived from Variola, the Latin term for smallpox. The practice of variolation was also known as "inoculation" until the development of the vaccine by Edward Jenner.
Procedure
Variolation involved the deliberate introduction of material taken from smallpox pustules into the skin of a non-immune individual. This was usually done by scratching the material into the arm or leg. The intention was to cause a mild form of the disease that would confer immunity against subsequent infections.
History
Variolation was practiced in China, India, and Turkey long before it was introduced to Europe and the Americas. The practice was introduced to England by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu in the early 18th century. She had observed the practice in Turkey and had her own children variolated.
Risks and Benefits
While variolation was less dangerous than contracting smallpox naturally, it was not without risks. Some individuals developed severe disease and others spread smallpox to those around them. However, the risk of death from variolation was significantly lower than the risk of death from natural smallpox.
With the development of vaccination, which used cowpox material rather than smallpox, variolation fell out of favor. Vaccination was safer and provided better immunity.
Related Terms
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Variolation
- Wikipedia's article - Variolation
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