Receptors
Receptors
Receptors (/rɪˈsɛptərz/) are specialized protein structures, typically found on the surface of cells, that are designed to bind specific molecules known as ligands.
Etymology
The term 'receptor' is derived from the Latin word 'recipere', which means 'to receive'. This is reflective of the receptor's function as a receiver of signals.
Types of Receptors
There are several types of receptors, including:
- Ion-channel linked receptors: These receptors form a channel that allows specific ions to pass through the cell membrane in response to the binding of a ligand.
- G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs): These receptors activate a G protein inside the cell when a ligand binds, triggering a cascade of intracellular events.
- Enzyme-linked receptors: These receptors have enzymatic capabilities and can perform a specific reaction when a ligand binds.
- Intracellular receptors: These receptors are located inside the cell and typically respond to lipophilic ligands that can cross the cell membrane.
Function
Receptors play a crucial role in the cellular signaling process. When a ligand binds to its corresponding receptor, it triggers a series of events within the cell that can lead to various responses, such as changes in gene expression, cell growth, or cell death.
Related Terms
- Agonist: A molecule that binds to a receptor and activates it, triggering a response.
- Antagonist: A molecule that binds to a receptor but does not activate it. Instead, it blocks the receptor and prevents it from being activated by agonists.
- Allosteric regulation: The regulation of a protein (such as a receptor) by the binding of a molecule at a site other than the protein's active site.
- Downregulation and upregulation: The processes by which the number of receptors on a cell surface is decreased or increased, respectively.
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Receptors
- Wikipedia's article - Receptors
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