Periventricular leukomalacia

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Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a type of brain injury that affects infants, particularly those born prematurely. The condition involves the death of small areas of brain tissue around fluid-filled areas called ventricles. The damage creates "holes" in the brain. "Leuko" refers to the brain's white matter, and "malacia" means softening or loss of brain tissue.

Pronunciation

Periventricular leukomalacia is pronounced as per-ih-ven-TRIK-yoo-lar loo-ko-muh-LAY-shuh.

Etymology

The term "Periventricular leukomalacia" is derived from the Greek words "peri" (around), "ventricle" (a hollow part or cavity in an organ), "leuko" (white), and "malacia" (softening).

Symptoms

Symptoms of PVL can vary greatly depending on the severity of the damage. Some infants with PVL may show no outward signs, while others may have significant motor, cognitive, and sensory impairments. Common symptoms include spastic cerebral palsy, developmental delays, and vision problems.

Causes

The exact cause of PVL is unknown, but it is believed to result from a lack of oxygen or blood flow to the periventricular area of the brain, which is vulnerable in premature infants. Infections in the mother during pregnancy, premature rupture of membranes, and a condition called chorioamnionitis can also increase the risk of PVL.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of PVL is typically made through ultrasound imaging of the brain, often performed after an infant is born prematurely or has symptoms suggestive of PVL. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can also be used to confirm the diagnosis and assess the extent of brain damage.

Treatment

There is no cure for PVL, but treatment focuses on managing symptoms and promoting the child's development and quality of life. This may include physical, occupational, and speech therapy, as well as medications to manage symptoms such as muscle stiffness or seizures.

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