Neurotoxin
Neurotoxin
Neurotoxin (/nʊərəʊtɒksɪn/) is a type of toxin that affects the nervous system. The term is derived from the Greek words neuron meaning "nerve" and toxikon meaning "poison".
Definition
A neurotoxin is a substance that interferes with the functions of neurons, the primary cells of the nervous system. They can work by various mechanisms, often involving the disruption of membrane potential or the blocking of neurotransmitter receptors.
Types
There are several types of neurotoxins, including:
- Botulinum toxin: Produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, this is one of the most potent neurotoxins known. It works by blocking the release of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that signals muscles to contract.
- Tetrodotoxin: Found in pufferfish and some other marine species, this neurotoxin blocks sodium channels on the nerve cell membrane, preventing the propagation of action potentials.
- Tetanus toxin: Produced by Clostridium tetani, this neurotoxin causes tetanus, a disease characterized by muscle stiffness and spasms.
Effects
The effects of neurotoxins can range from mild symptoms such as numbness and tingling, to severe effects such as paralysis, seizures, and even death. The specific effects depend on the type of neurotoxin and the amount of exposure.
Treatment
Treatment for neurotoxin exposure typically involves removing the source of the toxin and providing supportive care. In some cases, specific antitoxins may be available.
See also
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Neurotoxin
- Wikipedia's article - Neurotoxin
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