Minimal change disease
Minimal change disease (pronounced: /ˈmɪnɪməl tʃeɪndʒ dɪˈziːz/), also known as nil disease or lipoid nephrosis, is a disease that affects the kidneys. It is a common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, but can also affect adults.
Etymology
The term "minimal change disease" is derived from the minimal changes seen on light microscopy in the glomeruli of the kidneys. The term "lipoid nephrosis" refers to the lipiduria (presence of lipids in the urine) that is often seen in this condition.
Definition
Minimal change disease is a form of glomerulonephritis, a type of kidney disease characterized by damage to the part of the kidney that filters blood (glomeruli). In minimal change disease, the glomeruli appear normal or nearly normal under a regular microscope. However, when examined under an electron microscope, the glomeruli show damage to the podocytes, cells that help filter blood in the kidneys.
Symptoms
The main symptom of minimal change disease is nephrotic syndrome, which includes:
- Proteinuria - high levels of protein in the urine
- Hypoalbuminemia - low levels of albumin in the blood
- Edema - swelling, often in the legs, feet, or ankles and less often in the hands or face
- Hyperlipidemia - high levels of fats in the blood
Causes
The exact cause of minimal change disease is unknown. However, it is often associated with:
- Allergic reactions
- Use of certain medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- Malignancies, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma
- Vaccinations
Treatment
Treatment for minimal change disease typically involves medications to reduce symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include:
- Corticosteroids
- Immunosuppressive drugs
- Diuretics
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
Prognosis
The prognosis for minimal change disease is generally good, especially in children. Most patients respond well to corticosteroids and can achieve remission. However, relapses are common and may require further treatment.
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Minimal change disease
- Wikipedia's article - Minimal change disease
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