Macromolecules

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Macromolecules

Macromolecules (/ˌmakroʊˈmɒlɪkjuːlz/) are large complex molecules that play critical roles in all life processes. They are typically composed of thousands of atoms or more. The most common macromolecules in biochemistry are biopolymers (nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids) and large non-polymeric molecules (such as lipids and macrocycles).

Etymology

The term "macromolecule" was first coined in the early 20th century by Nobel laureate Hermann Staudinger. "Macro-" is derived from the Greek makros, meaning "large", and "molecule" from the Latin molecula, meaning "small particle".

Types of Macromolecules

There are four major types of macromolecules:

  • Proteins: These are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body. They are made up of amino acids and are necessary for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.
  • Nucleic Acids: These are biopolymers essential to all known forms of life. They include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
  • Carbohydrates: These are biomolecules consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms. They serve as energy sources and as essential structural components in cells.
  • Lipids: These are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, and phospholipids.

Related Terms

  • Polymer: A large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits.
  • Monomer: A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.
  • Biopolymer: Polymers produced by living organisms.
  • Macrocycles: A type of organic compound that contains a ring of 12 or more atoms.
  • Amino Acids: Organic compounds that combine to form proteins.
  • DNA: The molecule that carries most of the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
  • RNA: A polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes.

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