Ligand

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Ligand

Ligand (pronounced: /ˈlaɪɡənd/) is a term used in biochemistry and pharmacology. It refers to a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose.

Etymology

The term "ligand" comes from the Latin word "ligare", which means "to bind". This is reflective of the ligand's function, which is to bind to proteins or other biomolecules.

Function

In protein-ligand binding, the ligand is usually a molecule which produces a signal by binding to a site on a target protein. The binding typically results in a change of conformational isomerism (conformation) of the target protein. In DNA-ligand binding studies, the ligand can be a small molecule, ion, or protein which binds to the DNA double helix.

Types of Ligands

There are several types of ligands, including:

  • Endogenous ligands: These are naturally occurring ligands in the body, such as hormones or neurotransmitters.
  • Exogenous ligands: These are ligands that have been introduced into the body, such as drugs or toxins.
  • Bidentate ligands: These ligands are able to bind to a metal atom at two points.
  • Polydentate ligands: These ligands are able to bind to a metal atom at more than two points.

Related Terms

  • Receptor (biochemistry): A protein molecule that receives and responds to a neurotransmitter, hormone, or other substance.
  • Agonist: A substance that initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor.
  • Antagonist: A substance that interferes with or inhibits the physiological action of another.

External links

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