Horizontal cells

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Horizontal cells

Horizontal cells (pronunciation: /ˌhɔːrɪˈzɒntəl sɛlz/) are a type of neuron present in the retina of the eye. They help in the integration and regulation of input from multiple photoreceptor cells.

Etymology

The term "horizontal cells" is derived from their orientation in the retina, where they spread out horizontally, connecting photoreceptor cells and bipolar cells.

Function

Horizontal cells receive input from photoreceptor cells and regulate their output by a process known as lateral inhibition. This process enhances the contrast between light and dark, improving the overall visual perception.

Types

There are two types of horizontal cells: H1 and H2. H1 cells are connected to cone cells, while H2 cells are connected to rod cells. Both types play a crucial role in the processing of visual information.

Related Terms

  • Photoreceptor cells: These are the cells in the retina that respond to light. They include rod cells and cone cells.
  • Bipolar cells: These are a type of neuron in the retina that connect the photoreceptor cells to the ganglion cells.
  • Lateral inhibition: This is a process in the retina and other parts of the nervous system where excited neurons reduce the activity of their neighbors.
  • Rod cells: These are a type of photoreceptor cell in the retina responsible for vision in low light conditions.
  • Cone cells: These are a type of photoreceptor cell in the retina responsible for color vision and function best in relatively bright light conditions.
  • Ganglion cells: These are a type of neuron located near the inner surface of the retina and are the final output neurons of the vertebrate retina.

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