Extrachromosomal DNA

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Extrachromosomal DNA

Extrachromosomal DNA (pronounced: ex·tra·chro·mo·so·mal DNA, /ˌekstrəkrəˈmōsəməl diːenːeɪ/) is a type of DNA that is not located within the chromosomes. Instead, it is found in separate structures within the cell, such as plasmids, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.

Etymology

The term "extrachromosomal DNA" is derived from the Greek words "extra" meaning outside, "chroma" meaning color, and "soma" meaning body. This refers to the fact that this type of DNA is found outside of the colored bodies (chromosomes) within the cell.

Function

Extrachromosomal DNA often carries genes that are not essential for the basic survival of the organism, but may provide additional benefits such as resistance to antibiotics in bacteria. In some cases, extrachromosomal DNA can also contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer.

Related Terms

  • Chromosome: A structure within cells that contains most of the organism's DNA.
  • Plasmid: A small, circular piece of DNA that is separate from the chromosomes and can replicate independently.
  • Mitochondria: Organelles within cells that produce energy and contain their own extrachromosomal DNA.
  • Chloroplast: An organelle found in plant cells that carries out photosynthesis and contains its own extrachromosomal DNA.
  • Antibiotics: Drugs used to treat bacterial infections, resistance to which can sometimes be conferred by genes on extrachromosomal DNA.
  • Cancer: A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, which can sometimes be caused by changes in extrachromosomal DNA.

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