Cytokines

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Cytokines

Cytokines (/ˈsaɪtoʊkaɪnz/) are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling. Their release has an effect on the behavior of cells around them.

Etymology

The term "cytokine" is derived from a combination of two Greek words - "cyto" meaning cell and "kinos" meaning movement.

Function

Cytokines are produced by a broad range of cells, including immune cells like macrophages, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and mast cells, as well as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and various stromal cells; a given cytokine may be produced by more than one type of cell.

They can be classified into two types: proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory. Proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, are released to promote an inflammatory response. Anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10, help to reduce inflammation and promote healing.

Related Terms

  • Interleukins: A group of cytokines that mediate communication between cells.
  • Chemokines: A family of small cytokines, or signaling proteins secreted by cells.
  • Interferons: A group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses.
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor: A cell signaling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation.
  • Colony-stimulating factors: Secreted glycoproteins that bind to receptor proteins on the surfaces of hemopoietic stem cells.

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