Caliciviridae

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Caliciviridae

Caliciviridae (pronounced: kuh-lih-sih-vi-ruh-dee) is a family of viruses that includes several pathogenic strains known to cause gastroenteritis in humans and animals. The name "Caliciviridae" is derived from the Latin calyx, meaning "cup", and virus, meaning "poison". This is in reference to the cup-like depressions observed on the surface of these viruses when viewed under an electron microscope.

Classification

The family Caliciviridae is divided into five genera: Norovirus, Sapovirus, Vesivirus, Lagovirus, and Nebovirus. Each genus contains several species of viruses, many of which are associated with specific diseases.

Norovirus

The Norovirus genus includes several species known to cause gastroenteritis in humans. These viruses are a common cause of foodborne illness and are often associated with outbreaks in closed communities such as schools, hospitals, and cruise ships.

Sapovirus

The Sapovirus genus includes species that cause gastroenteritis in humans and pigs. Like noroviruses, sapoviruses are often associated with outbreaks of foodborne illness.

Vesivirus

The Vesivirus genus includes species that cause disease in a variety of animals, including cats, dogs, and marine mammals. The most well-known vesivirus is the feline calicivirus, which causes respiratory disease in cats.

Lagovirus

The Lagovirus genus includes species that cause disease in rabbits and hares. The most well-known lagovirus is the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, which causes a highly lethal disease in rabbits.

Nebovirus

The Nebovirus genus is currently represented by a single species, the bovine norovirus. This virus causes gastroenteritis in cattle.

Transmission and Symptoms

Caliciviruses are typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route, either by direct contact with an infected individual or by consumption of contaminated food or water. Symptoms of infection can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.

Prevention and Treatment

Prevention of calicivirus infection primarily involves good hygiene practices, such as regular hand washing and proper food handling. There is currently no specific antiviral treatment for calicivirus infection; management of the disease primarily involves supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent dehydration.

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